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- Rhinovirus: #1 common cold (50%), > 160 serotypes, ICAM-1, asthma trigger
- Seasonal coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, NL63, 229E): 10-30% colds; mild
- Parainfluenza: #1 croup (PIV-1/2), stridor + barking cough + steeple sign; dex + epinephrine for moderate-severe
- HMPV (discovered 2001): pneumoviridae like RSV; 2024-2025 Asia/USA surge; supportive
- EV-D68: acute flaccid myelitis (polio-like) + severe asthma; outbreak cyclical
- Bocavirus: parvovirus, co-infection common
- Common cold: rhinovirus > coronaviruses > others; antibiotic äžå¿
- Multiplex PCR for ICU / immunocompromise
- Croup: steeple sign, Westley score; dex + neb epinephrine
- Vaccines: HMPV mRNA Phase 2-3; future pan-corona + combination vaccines
- ç§é«åž« hint: å€§å€ URI viral è¡æ + supportive