17.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)
M6 / PGY 國考衝刺。Headache 是內科 + 神經 + 急診 + OSCE 必考。
17.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)
17.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 12 條
- Primary 占大宗(tension 69% > migraine 16% > 其他)
- Red flags = SNOOP10
- 5 殺手:SAH / Meningitis / GCA / Tumor / Glaucoma
- SAH = thunderclap < 5 min + < 6 hr CT 100% sens;> 6 hr → LP
- GCA:> 50yo + ESR ↑ + jaw claudication → 立刻 prednisone(不等 biopsy)
- Migraine ICHD:4-72 hr,2 of 4(單側/搏動/中重/活動加劇)+ 1 of 2(N/V or photo/phonophobia)
- Cluster O2 first(100% 12-15 L 15 min)+ sumatriptan SC
- Triptan 禁忌 = CAD/stroke/uncontrolled HTN
- CGRP mAb:erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, eptinezumab — chronic migraine 預防
- MOH:≥ 15 天/月 + 過度用 painkillers
- Sentinel headache 30-50% SAH 患者
- Temporal arteritis 同時用 tocilizumab(22E)作 steroid-sparing
17.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
| 項目 | 數字 |
|---|---|
| SAH thunderclap peak | < 5 分鐘 |
| CT < 6 hr SAH sensitivity | ~100% |
| Migraine duration | 4-72 hr |
| Tension 持續 | 30 min - 7 天 |
| Cluster 單次 | 15-180 分鐘 |
| Cluster 每天發作 | 1-8 次 |
| TA biopsy length | ≥ 1-2 cm(防 skip lesion) |
| Prednisone for TA | 60 mg/d start(無視力變化)/ 80-100 mg/d(已視力變化) |
| Cluster O2 | 100% 12-15 L/min × 15 min |
| Sumatriptan SC | 6 mg |
| Verapamil cluster | 240-960 mg/d |
| Nimodipine SAH | 60 mg q4h × 21 天 |
| MOH simple analgesic | ≥ 15 天/月 × 3 個月 |
| MOH triptan/opioid/combination | ≥ 10 天/月 × 3 個月 |
| LP opening pressure normal | < 25 cm H2O(IIH 可 ≥ 25) |
| Migraine prophylaxis 起點 | ≥ 4 次/月 或顯著影響 |
17.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要
17.2.0.2.1 ICHD 分類(簡)
| Primary | Secondary |
|---|---|
| Migraine(含 chronic) | 感染(meningitis, encephalitis, sinusitis) |
| Tension-type | 血管(SAH, ICH, AD, TA, vasculitis) |
| TACs(cluster, paroxysmal hemicrania, SUNCT/SUNA, hemicrania continua) | Tumor / Mass |
| Idiopathic stabbing | 顱內壓變化(IIH, low CSF) |
| Exertional / Cough / Sex / Hypnic | Trauma |
| New daily persistent (NDPH) | Substance / withdrawal |
| Disorder of cranium/face |
17.2.0.2.2 SNOOP10 Red Flags
| 字母 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| S | Systemic(fever, weight loss, immunocomp) |
| N | Neurologic(focal, papilledema, altered mental) |
| O | Onset sudden(thunderclap) |
| O | Older(> 50 yo new HA) |
| P | Pattern change |
| P | Progressive |
| P | Postural |
| P | Precipitated by Valsalva |
| P | Pregnancy / postpartum |
| P | Papilledema |
17.2.0.2.3 Migraine vs Tension vs Cluster(必背對照)
| Migraine | Tension | Cluster | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 位置 | 單側(60%) | 雙側、band-like | 單側眼眶/顳 |
| 性質 | 搏動 | 緊繃、壓 | 極劇、刺/灼 |
| 強度 | 中-重 | mild-moderate | 10/10(自殺式) |
| 持續 | 4-72 hr | 30 min - 7 d | 15-180 min |
| 頻率 | 月幾次 | 隨機 | 每天 1-8 次(cluster period) |
| N/V | 常 | 少 | 少 |
| Photo/phonophobia | 常 | 少 | 偶 |
| Autonomic | 偶 | 無 | 典型(流淚/結膜紅/鼻塞/Horner) |
| 行為 | 躺暗 | normal | 躁動繞行 |
| 性別 | 女 > 男 | 女 ≈ 男 | 男 > 女(4:1) |
| 加劇 | 活動 | 通常無 | trigger(酒、heat) |
| 緩解 | 暗、睡 | 放鬆 | O2、sumatriptan SC |
17.2.0.2.4 Migraine 急性處置階梯
- NSAID + anti-emetic(ibuprofen 600 mg + metoclopramide 10 mg)
- Triptan(sumatriptan 50-100 mg PO;rizatriptan 10 mg;eletriptan 40 mg)
- Gepant(rimegepant 75 mg;ubrogepant 50-100 mg)
- Ditan(lasmiditan 50-200 mg — 5HT-1F selective、無 vasoconstriction)
- Severe/refractory IV:ketorolac, prochlorperazine, magnesium 1-2 g IV, valproate, DHE
17.2.0.2.5 Migraine 預防(≥ 4 次/月)
| 類別 | 代表 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| BB | propranolol, metoprolol | 一線 |
| TCA | amitriptyline | 一線 |
| Anticonvulsant | topiramate, valproate | valproate 致畸 → 育齡女避 |
| ARB | candesartan | 替代 |
| CGRP mAb | erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, eptinezumab | 月施打、新興 |
| Botox | onabotulinumtoxinA | chronic migraine only |
17.2.0.2.6 Triptan 禁忌
- CAD / IHD
- Stroke / TIA
- Uncontrolled HTN
- Hemiplegic migraine
- Basilar migraine(22E 重新評估,部分指引 relaxed)
- 24h 內 ergot
- 妊娠(相對)
17.2.0.2.7 Cluster 處置(必背)
| 階段 | 治療 |
|---|---|
| 急性 | 100% O2 12-15 L/min × 15 min + Sumatriptan 6 mg SC(or 20 mg nasal) |
| Bridge | Prednisone 60 mg × 5d → taper(10 d) |
| 預防 | Verapamil 240→960 mg/d(ECG monitor PR);lithium;topiramate |
| Refractory | Galcanezumab;occipital nerve stim;hypothalamic DBS |
17.2.0.2.8 Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
- > 50 yo、女 65%、年發生率 77/10 萬(≥ 50)
- 50% 共病 PMR
- Untreated → 50% blindness
- Diagnosis:
- 臨床(temporal a. tenderness, jaw claudication, HA)
- ESR ↑(典 > 50;normal 不能 r/o)+ CRP
- Temporal artery biopsy(≥ 1-2 cm 防 skip lesion)
- Temporal a. US(halo sign)— ACR 2022 list as alternative
- 治療:
- No vision loss → Prednisone 60 mg/d
- With vision loss / 大血管 → 80-100 mg/d or methylprednisolone 1g IV × 3d
- + Tocilizumab(IL-6 inhibitor,22E 強化)
- + Aspirin 81 mg/d(reduce ischemic events)
- PPI、Ca、Vit D、bisphosphonate
17.2.0.2.9 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Thunderclap < 5 min peak
- CT brain non-contrast within 6 hr → 100% sens
- > 6 hr → LP(xanthochromia)
- CTA / DSA find aneurysm
- 治療:
- SBP < 140-160(labetalol, nicardipine)
- Nimodipine 60 mg q4h × 21 d(防 vasospasm)
- 6-72 hr 內 coil 或 clip
- 併發:vasospasm、re-bleed、hydrocephalus、SIADH/CSW
17.2.0.2.10 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)
- 肥胖年輕女性
- HA + papilledema + visual field defect / pulsatile tinnitus
- MRI/MRV rule out venous sinus thrombosis
- LP 開壓 ≥ 25 cm H2O(CSF composition normal)
- 治療:減重、acetazolamide、refractory → optic n. sheath fenestration / VP shunt
17.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照
17.2.0.3.3 TA vs Migraine in elderly
- TA: > 50yo new、jaw claudication、ESR ↑、scalp tenderness
- Migraine elderly: 過去史 + 典型 pattern
17.2.0.4 📝 過去考題類型
17.2.0.4.1 必考
- SNOOP red flags
- Migraine ICHD criteria
- Cluster O2 + sumatriptan SC
- TA:> 50, ESR↑, biopsy, prednisone(不等)
- SAH thunderclap + nimodipine
- Triptan 禁忌
- CGRP mAb(22E new)
- MOH 定義
17.2.0.5 🎯 自我檢測(10 題)
Q:SAH thunderclap CT 6 小時內 sensitivity 多少?> 6 小時要做什麼? A:~100%;> 6 hr → LP 找 xanthochromia
Q:Migraine ICHD 持續時間? A:4-72 小時(未治療)
Q:Cluster headache 急性 first-line? A:100% O2 12-15 L/min × 15 min + sumatriptan SC 6 mg
Q:Temporal arteritis 疑診時要立刻做什麼? A:立刻給 prednisone 60 mg/d(不等 biopsy),24-48h 內排 biopsy
Q:Triptan 三大禁忌? A:CAD / Stroke / uncontrolled HTN(+ hemiplegic migraine, basilar)
Q:MOH 定義? A:≥ 15 天/月 HA × 3 個月 + 過度用 painkillers(簡單 ≥15 d/m;triptan/opioid/combination ≥10 d/m)
Q:Cluster 預防 first-line?劑量? A:Verapamil 240-960 mg/d(ECG monitor PR interval)
Q:SAH 用什麼藥防 vasospasm?療程? A:Nimodipine 60 mg PO q4h × 21 天
Q:CGRP mAb 4 個 examples? A:Erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, eptinezumab
Q:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 典型病人 + LP 開壓? A:肥胖年輕女 + papilledema;LP 開壓 ≥ 25 cm H2O(CSF composition 正常)
17.2.0.6 📚 想深入請看
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 17 medstudent.md
- 內專進階 → Ch 17 specialist.md
- 疼痛機轉 → Ch 14
- 下背痛 → Ch 18
- Migraine 詳細 → Ch 441
- SAH → Ch 440
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 17
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