6.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)

對象:M6 / PGY 國考前。本章 high yield:USPSTF 建議、lead/length bias、cost-effective threshold。


6.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)

6.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 7 條
  1. WHO 篩檢原則:important + treatable + latent + acceptable test + cost-effective
  2. Lead time bias:survival 看似長但 mortality 沒變 → 用 mortality 不用 survival
  3. Length time bias:篩檢偏向 indolent disease
  4. USPSTF A/B 強推薦;D 不要做;I 不確定
  5. Cost-effective ≤ $50,000-100,000/QALY
  6. Overdiagnosis 是真實 harm(mammo 15-40%、PSA 15-37%)
  7. Lung CA low-dose CT:50-80、≥ 20 PY、目前/15y 戒;mortality ↓ 20%
6.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
  • WHO 篩檢原則:1968 提出
  • Cost-effective threshold:$50,000-100,000 per QALY
  • Mammography overdiagnosis:15-40%
  • PSA overdiagnosis:15-37%
  • Lung CA mortality ↓ via LDCT:20%
  • Mammography RR reduction:14-32%
  • FOBT colon CA RR reduction:15-30%
  • Sigmoidoscopy colon CA RR reduction:40-60%
  • Colonoscopy colon CA RR reduction:50-70%
  • DEXA NNS:731 women aged 65-69 to prevent 1 hip fx
  • BRCA1/2 breast CA risk increase:5-20×
6.2.0.1.3 ⚠️ 易錯陷阱
  1. Survival = mortality(錯,差距是 lead time)
  2. USPSTF C 級 = 不該做(錯,是 individual offer)
  3. Overdiagnosis 不算 harm(錯,是真 harm)
  4. 篩檢 always cost-effective(錯,要看 NNS + threshold)

6.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要

6.2.0.2.1 USPSTF 等級
  • A:強推薦 + 強證據
  • B:推薦
  • C:individual offer
  • D:don’t do
  • I:insufficient evidence
6.2.0.2.2 4 個 Bias 要避免
  1. Lead time bias:解法用 mortality
  2. Length time bias:解法用 mortality
  3. Selection bias:解法 RCT
  4. Volunteer bias:解法 RCT + ITT
6.2.0.2.3 USPSTF Cancer Screening 必背
Cancer Test 對象 頻率
Breast Mammography(無 CBE) F 50-75(40 個別) q2y
Cervix Pap (21-65) / Pap+HPV (30-65) F q3y / q5y
Colorectal FOBT/FIT-DNA/sig/colo 45-75 q1/3/5/10y
Lung Low-dose CT 50-80 + ≥20 PY + 目前/15y 戒 yearly
6.2.0.2.4 USPSTF CV / Metabolic Screening
疾病 Test 對象
HTN BP All adults
HLD Cholesterol 40-75
DM FPG / HbA1c Overweight ≥ 35 yo
AAA US Men 65-75 ever smoke (一次)
Obesity BMI All adults
Osteoporosis DEXA F > 65 / M with risk
6.2.0.2.5 USPSTF Infectious Screening
疾病 Test 對象
HCV Anti-HCV + PCR 18-79(once)
HIV Immunoassay + confirm 15-65(at least once)
Chlamydia/GC NAAT F < 25 sexually active
6.2.0.2.6 Chemoprevention 必記
介入 對象
Aspirin 40-59 + ASCVD ≥ 10% + 低 bleed risk
Folic acid Childbearing F
Tamoxifen / Raloxifene 高 breast CA risk F
Vitamin D > 64 fall risk
Statin ASCVD ≥ 10% in 40-75 yo
6.2.0.2.7 Lung Cancer Screening 細節(NLST trial)
  • 對象:50-80 yo + ≥ 20 pack-year + 目前 OR 15 yr 內戒
  • 工具:annual low-dose chest CT
  • 結果:lung CA mortality ↓ 20%(NLST 2011;Dutch-Belgian NELSON 2020 confirm)
  • False positive:24%(needs follow-up CT)
  • Overdiagnosis:~18%
6.2.0.2.8 Colon Cancer Screening 比較
工具 頻率 RR ↓ 優缺點
FOBT / FIT yearly 15-30% 便宜、需 yearly
FIT-DNA (Cologuard) q1-3y 較敏感
Sigmoidoscopy q5y 40-60% 不需 sedation
Colonoscopy q10y 50-70% gold standard、incurs sedation/risk
6.2.0.2.9 Breast Cancer Screening 爭議
  • 40-49 yo:USPSTF B 級(2024 update 改 → 之前是 C)
  • 50-74 yo:A 級
  • 75+:證據不足
  • USPSTF:每 2 年 vs ACS:每年(30s+)
  • 平衡:absolute benefit 1.2/1000 over 12 yr 但 false-positive 50% 累積率
6.2.0.2.10 何時停止篩檢
  • 一般:age 75 後證據減少
  • 個別考量:comorbidity、life expectancy < 5-10 yr
  • 病人 preferences

6.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照

6.2.0.3.1 Screening vs Case-finding vs Surveillance
名詞 對象
Screening 完全無症狀人群
Case-finding 來看其他事的病人主動問
Surveillance 已知 high-risk 個體(如 BRCA carrier 每年 mammo+MRI)
6.2.0.3.2 Sensitivity/Specificity vs Population
  • 同一 test 在不同 prevalence 族群 PPV 大不同
  • 篩檢族群通常 prevalence 低 → PPV 低 → 多 false positive
  • 解法:高 specificity test + 確診 test 階段
6.2.0.3.3 Lead time vs Length time
  • Lead = 診斷提早
  • Length = 慢病被選

6.2.0.4 🔢 必背數字總表

  • WHO 1968 提出 screening principles
  • USPSTF 5 個 grade(A/B/C/D/I)
  • Cost-effective threshold:$50K-100K/QALY
  • Mammography overdiagnosis:15-40%
  • PSA overdiagnosis:15-37%
  • Lung CA RR ↓:20%(NLST)
  • Mammography RR ↓:14-32%
  • DEXA NNS:731(65-69 yo F)
  • Breast CA lifetime risk F:10%
  • Colon CA lifetime risk:6%
  • BRCA1/2 5-20× risk
  • Hip fracture lifetime risk:white F 16%
  • Dom violence lifetime F:up to 15%

6.2.0.5 📝 過去考題類型

6.2.0.5.1 必考
  • USPSTF 篩檢年齡 + 頻率(mammo、Pap、colon、lung CT、AAA、osteoporosis)
  • Lead time / Length time bias 概念
  • USPSTF A/B/D grade 應用
6.2.0.5.2 偶爾考
  • Cost-effectiveness threshold
  • Number needed to screen 計算
  • Overdiagnosis 概念
6.2.0.5.3 陷阱題
  • Survival 改善 = 篩檢有效(錯,可能 lead time bias)
  • USPSTF C = 不該做(錯)
  • Pap smear 可預防所有 cervical CA(錯,仍有偽陰性)
  • Mammography 每年(錯,USPSTF 是 q2y)

6.2.0.6 🎯 自我檢測

  1. Q: USPSTF lung CA screening 條件? A: 50-80 yo + ≥ 20 PY + 目前 OR 15 yr 內戒
  2. Q: 男性 65-75 ever smoker 一次性篩檢? A: AAA US
  3. Q: USPSTF mammography 推薦? A: 50-74 yo q2y(40-49 個別考慮,B 級 2024)
  4. Q: Cervical CA Pap+HPV co-test 對象? A: 30-65 yo F q5y
  5. Q: Colonoscopy USPSTF 起始年齡? A: 45 yo(2021 update 從 50 → 45)
  6. Q: Lead time bias 解法? A: 用 mortality 不用 survival
  7. Q: Length time bias 是什麼? A: 篩檢偏向偵測 indolent disease
  8. Q: Cost-effective threshold? A: $50K-100K per QALY
  9. Q: Mammography 偵測癌中 overdiagnosis 比例? A: 15-40%
  10. Q: BRCA1/2 增加 breast CA risk 多少倍? A: 5-20×

6.2.0.7 📚 想深入請看


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