323 Ch 322. Viral Pneumonia — Influenza, RSV, COVID-19, and Other Respiratory Viruses

Viral pneumonia 隨著 molecular diagnostics (multiplex PCR) 普及，識別率大幅提升；common viruses：(1) influenza A/B — seasonal + pandemic；(2) RSV — 嬰幼兒 + 老年/免疫抑制嚴重；(3) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) — 自 2019 持續流行；(4) parainfluenza, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses (non-SARS), bocavirus；(5) MERS-CoV (Middle East); (6) measles, varicella (less common adult)；(7) hantavirus (rodent exposure)；treatments：oseltamivir + baloxavir for influenza；Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) + remdesivir + molnupiravir for COVID-19 outpatient；dexamethasone (RECOVERY) + tocilizumab/baricitinib (REMAP-CAP) for severe COVID hospitalized；RSV antivirals limited but nirsevimab (infants), RSV vaccines for ≥ 60 adults (Arexvy, Abrysvo) 2023 NEW；bacterial superinfection：流感後 S. aureus + S. pneumoniae 常見；prevention：annual influenza vaccine、updated COVID boosters、RSV vaccine ≥ 60、pneumococcal vaccines + hand hygiene + masking in healthcare。