493.1 🎓 醫學生版
對象:M3-M6 醫學生。非心臟手術術前內科評估(Pre-op Evaluation)是內科會診(Consultative Medicine)的最大宗。重點:(1) Cardiac risk stratification(RCRI + NSQIP MICA + METs + 2024 ACC/AHA algorithm);(2) Pulmonary、Renal、Liver、Heme 評估;(3) 內分泌科盧醫師重點:DM 圍術期、SGLT2i / GLP-1 hold、stress dose steroid、Thyroid、Pheochromocytoma、Hypercalcemia;(4) VTE prophylaxis;(5) Pre-op fasting。
493.1.0.1 📌 一頁重點
非心臟手術圍術期最常見的併發症是 cardiovascular(MI、heart failure、stroke)與 pulmonary(atelectasis、pneumonia、respiratory failure)。內科醫師會診時的核心任務是:(1) risk stratification(分層);(2) risk modification(最佳化、藥物 hold/continue 決策);(3) peri-op endocrine / antithrombotic management。重要:「pre-op clearance」不是簽字放行,而是 risk-benefit 評估 + 最佳化建議。
493.1.0.1.1 Cardiac Risk Assessment
- RCRI(Revised Cardiac Risk Index,修訂版心臟風險指數)6 因子,每項 1 分:
- High-risk surgery:vascular(除 carotid endarterectomy)、大型胸 / 腹腔手術
- Ischemic heart disease:曾 MI、目前 angina、SL nitroglycerin 需求、正向 exercise test、ECG pathologic Q、PCI/CABG with 目前 angina
- CHF(congestive heart failure,鬱血性心衰):physical exam LV failure、PND、肺水腫、S3、ralles、CXR pulm edema
- CVD(cerebrovascular disease,腦血管病):TIA、CVA
- DM on insulin
- Cr > 2.0 mg/dL(chronic renal insufficiency)
| RCRI 分數 | Major cardiac event rate |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0.4-0.5% |
| 1 | 0.9-1.3% |
| 2 | 6-7% |
| ≥ 3 | 11%+ |
- METs(metabolic equivalents,代謝當量)≥ 4 = 良好:能爬 1-2 層樓、4 mph 平地走路、carrying 15-20 lb;< 4 = poor capacity
- NSQIP MICA risk calculator:integrated(年齡、ASA-PS、surgery type、functional status、Cr)
493.1.0.1.2 2024 ACC/AHA 簡化 algorithm
- Emergency surgery → 直接開(risk 高但無 alternatives)
- ACS(acute coronary syndrome) → 先治 ACS(goal-directed medical therapy)
- Low surgical / clinical risk(< 1% MACE,e.g., cataract、endoscopy、表淺)→ 直接開
- Elevated risk + 良好 METs(≥ 4) → 直接開
- Elevated risk + 差 / 不明 METs → pharmacologic stress test(若結果會改變 management)
493.1.0.1.3 Risk Modification(圍術期藥物)
| 藥 | 建議 |
|---|---|
| β-blocker chronic | Continue(突然停藥 rebound) |
| β-blocker 新開 | 不建議手術當日開始(POISE trial:MI ↓ 但 stroke + death ↑) |
| Statin | Continue + 鼓勵新開(vascular surgery 特別) |
| ACEi / ARB | Hold morning of surgery(hypotension 風險);術後 24-48 h 恢復 |
| Aspirin | 視 indication;mono 多 continue(CHD、stent);primary prevention 多 hold 7 d |
| DAPT (P2Y12 + ASA) post-stent | 絕對 delay surgery:BMS 1 mo、stable CAD DES 6 mo、ACS 12 mo;緊急時 keep ASA |
| α-2 agonist (clonidine) | 不建議新開(POISE-2:MI 不降、hypotension + cardiac arrest ↑) |
| CCB | 不建議 prophylactic 新開 |
| SGLT2i | Hold 3-4 d pre-op(euglycemic DKA 風險) |
| GLP-1 RA | Hold ≥ 1 wk pre-op(ASA 2023:胃排空延遲 → aspiration 風險) |
493.1.0.1.4 Pulmonary Risk
- ARISCAT risk index:age、SpO2、近期 resp infection、上腹 / 胸腔 surgery、surgery > 2 h、Hb < 10、emergency
- 高 risk:bronchodilator、incentive spirometry、deep breathing、postural drainage、early ambulation
- Smoking cessation:≥ 8 wk pre-op 最佳(短期戒煙 < 4 wk 仍建議,但無 RCT 確認可降併發)
- OSA:STOP-BANG screen;CPAP 持續
- COPD:optimize bronchodilator + steroid burst if exacerbation;avoid elective during exacerbation
493.1.0.1.5 Renal / Liver / Heme
- Renal:baseline eGFR;contrast nephropathy 預防(hydration、Hold ACEi/diuretic 周邊、N-acetylcysteine 不再推薦);hyperkalemia control
- Liver:Child-Pugh + MELD(MELD > 14 → high surgical mortality);alcohol cessation
- Anemia:optimize pre-op(iron、EPO);transfusion 視 indication
- Anticoagulation peri-op:
| 藥 | Pre-op hold | Bridge? |
|---|---|---|
| Warfarin | 5 d | 視 thromboembolic risk(mechanical valve、recent VTE、AF + CHADS2 ≥ 5 → LMWH bridge) |
| Apixaban / Rivaroxaban / Edoxaban | 24-48 h(high bleeding risk surgery 48-72 h) | 一般無需 bridge |
| Dabigatran | 24-48 h(CrCl > 50)/ 48-96 h(CrCl 30-50) | 無需 bridge |
493.1.0.1.6 內分泌(盧醫師重點)
- DM:
- Target glucose 100-180 mg/dL(避過嚴控;intensive control 增 hypoglycemia 風險,無 benefit)
- HbA1c > 8-9% → 考慮 elective delay 最佳化
- 圍術期:basal insulin continue(剪半 long-acting Hold 視情況)+ insulin sliding scale;prandial insulin Hold(NPO)
- SGLT2i hold 3-4 d(DKA 風險)
- GLP-1 RA hold ≥ 1 wk(aspiration 風險,ASA 2023)
- Metformin 過去建議 hold day of(lactic acidosis 顧慮,新指引可繼續 if normal renal function + no contrast)
- Sulfonylurea / DPP4i:Hold day of
- Insulin pump:endocrine team co-manage;多 continue basal
- Thyroid:
- Hyperthyroid 必先控制(避 thyroid storm):β-blocker + ATD;severe 必要時 surgery delay
- Hypothyroid mild 可 proceed
- Severe hypothyroid(myxedema 風險)必先治
- LT4 一週可不吃(half-life 7 d);長 NPO 用 IV LT4(PO dose × 0.7)
- Adrenal:
- Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d ≥ 3 wk → HPA axis suppression → stress dose hydrocortisone:
- Minor surgery(dental, hernia):hydrocortisone 25 mg IV 術中 一次
- Moderate surgery(cholecystectomy, joint replacement):50-75 mg/d divided × 1-2 d → taper
- Major surgery(CABG, Whipple, colectomy):100-150 mg/d divided × 2-3 d → taper to maintenance
- 已知 primary AI:永遠 stress dose
- Pheochromocytoma:必 α-block ≥ 14 d pre-op(phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin)→ 加 β-block(α-block 後);高血容(saline)pre-op 24-48 h
- Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d ≥ 3 wk → HPA axis suppression → stress dose hydrocortisone:
- Calcium:
- PHPT Ca > 12 → defer non-urgent surgery → 先 hydration、calcitonin、bisphosphonate
- Pituitary:
- DI(diabetes insipidus)→ desmopressin continue + I/O monitor
- Panhypopituitarism → multiple replacements(thyroid + cortisol + DDAVP + GH 不影響)+ stress dose hydrocortisone
493.1.0.1.7 VTE Prophylaxis
- Caprini score for surgical patient
- LMWH(enoxaparin 40 mg SC qd or 30 mg BID)or low-dose UFH 5000 U SC BID-TID
- DOAC(rivaroxaban 10 mg/d)可作為 orthopedic post-op alternative
- Pneumatic compression as 補助 or 替代 if bleeding risk
- 注意 epidural / neuraxial timing(LMWH prophylactic 12 h、therapeutic 24 h pre-needle)
493.1.0.1.8 Pre-op Fasting(ASA 指引)
- Clear liquids: 2 h
- Light meal (toast, tea): 6 h
- Heavy meal (fat, fried, meat): 8 h
- GLP-1 RA on: 延長 fasting + 考慮 NPO 24 h;EGD 取消 daily injection
- 母乳: 4 h;嬰兒配方: 6 h
493.1.0.1.9 Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis(ACC/AHA 2021)
- Dental procedures involving gingival manipulation / periapical / oral mucosa perforation only
- 對象:
- Prosthetic valve(含 TAVR)
- Valve repair with prosthetic material
- Prior IE
- Cardiac transplant + valvulopathy
- Cyanotic CHD unrepaired or with residual shunt
- 不再常規 for MV prolapse / bicuspid AV
493.1.0.2 🩺 1️⃣ Cardiac Risk Stratification
493.1.0.2.1 為何重要
- 圍術期 MI(PMI, perioperative MI)30-d mortality 15-25%
- 多 silent(受 opioid analgesia 掩蓋)
- 多發於術後 48-72 h(plaque rupture + demand mismatch)
493.1.0.2.2 Step 1: 評估手術 type
Low risk(< 1% MACE): - Cataract、endoscopy、表淺、breast biopsy、ambulatory Intermediate: - 一般 abdomen、thoracic、orthopedic、head/neck、carotid endarterectomy、prostate High risk(> 5% MACE): - Vascular(aortic、peripheral arterial)、emergency surgery 老人、major intraperitoneal、prolonged with 大 fluid shift
493.1.0.2.3 Step 2: RCRI 計算
6 因子(每項 1 分): 1. High-risk surgery(vascular、major intraperitoneal/thoracic) 2. Ischemic heart disease 3. CHF 4. CVD(TIA / CVA) 5. DM on insulin 6. Cr > 2 mg/dL
493.1.0.2.4 Step 3: NSQIP MICA / Risk Calculator
- http://www.riskcalculator.facs.org
- 帶入:age、ASA-PS、surgery type、functional status、Cr
- 5 predictors of MI / cardiac arrest
493.1.0.2.5 Step 4: METs assessment
| METs | 活動例 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 吃飯、看電視 |
| 4 | 爬 1 層樓、4 mph 走、carrying 15-20 lb、playing golf |
| 4-10 | 慢跑、爬山、tennis singles |
| > 10 | 競技運動 |
- ≥ 4 METs:functional reserve 足;多不需 further testing
- < 4 METs or unknown:考慮 pharmacologic stress test(dobutamine echo、dipyridamole / regadenoson nuclear)only if 結果會改變 management
493.1.0.2.6 Step 5: Decision
- Emergency → 開 + 術後 ICU
- ACS → 治 ACS 先
- Low surgical / clinical risk → 開
- Elevated risk + 良好 METs → 開
- Elevated risk + 差 METs → stress test if would change mgmt
- Stress test positive → 考慮 cath + revasc if indication,僅當 clinical guideline 適應症成立(不為了手術而 revasc)
- Stress test negative → 開
493.1.0.2.7 Coronary Revascularization Pre-op
- 不為了 noncardiac surgery 而 revasc(CARP trial 證明 no benefit)
- 適應症:left main、3-vessel + LV dysfunction、ACS(with guideline indication)
- Post-PCI elective surgery delay:
- Balloon angioplasty:> 14 d
- BMS(bare metal stent):≥ 30 d
- DES(drug-eluting stent):≥ 6 mo(stable CAD)/ 12 mo(ACS)
- 1 mo 內 DES 緊急時:keep DAPT 或 cangrelor bridge
493.1.0.3 🩺 2️⃣ Pulmonary Risk
493.1.0.3.1 風險因子
- 老(> 70)
- COPD / asthma exacerbation
- 抽煙
- OSA
- Hb < 10
- 上腹 / 胸腔 / aortic surgery
- 久(> 3-4 h)
- General anesthesia > regional
493.1.0.3.2 ARISCAT score(7 因子)
- Age
- 低 pre-op SpO2
- Respiratory infection within 1 mo
- 上腹 / 胸腔 surgery
- Surgery > 2 h
- Hb < 10
- Emergency
493.1.0.3.3 Smoking Cessation
- ≥ 8 wk pre-op 最佳(cilia function 恢復)
- 短期(< 4 wk):有些舊 data 顯示 transient ↑ sputum/cough,新 meta-analysis 推翻;現在一律 advise 戒
- 即使術前一週停也 reduce CO/nicotine cardiovascular effect
493.1.0.3.4 COPD
- Optimize bronchodilator(ipratropium、albuterol)
- Inhaled steroid continue
- 急 exacerbation → delay elective surgery(除非緊急)
- Pulmonary rehab if 嚴重
- Post-op:incentive spirometry、deep breathing、early ambulation、selective NG tube
493.1.0.3.5 Asthma
- Peak flow 評估 + step-up if symptomatic
- Pre-op nebulized bronchodilator
- IV hydrocortisone if 長期 oral steroid
493.1.0.4 🩺 3️⃣ Renal、Liver、Heme
493.1.0.4.1 Renal
- Baseline Cr + eGFR
- AKI 風險因子:CKD、DM、HTN、CHF、age、nephrotoxic exposure、contrast、major surgery
- Contrast nephropathy 預防:
- Hydration(NS 1 mL/kg/h × 6-12 h pre + post)
- Hold ACEi / ARB / NSAID / diuretic peri-contrast
- 低劑量 contrast、iso-osmolar
- N-acetylcysteine 不再 routine recommend(PRESERVE trial)
- Hyperkalemia → 急 correct(kayexalate、loop、insulin/glucose、bicarb、急 K > 6.5 emergency)
- Dialysis-dependent:HD day before surgery
493.1.0.4.2 Liver
- Child-Pugh:bilirubin、albumin、PT/INR、ascites、encephalopathy
- MELD > 14 → 高 surgical mortality;> 20 → 極高
- 急性 hepatitis = elective surgery 禁忌
- Alcohol cessation 4 wk pre-op
- Coagulopathy correct(FFP、Vit K、cryoprecipitate)
- Ascites → drainage 視容量
- Encephalopathy → lactulose、rifaximin、避 sedatives
493.1.0.4.3 Anemia
- Pre-op Hb < 10 → workup(iron studies、ferritin、B12、folate)+ optimize
- Iron 補充(PO 4-6 wk 或 IV iron 1-2 wk pre-op)
- EPO(epoetin alfa)for select(CKD、Jehovah’s Witness)
- Avoid transfusion 除非 indicated(restrictive strategy Hb > 7-8)
493.1.0.4.4 Anticoagulation Peri-op(盧醫師重點)
Warfarin: - Hold 5 d pre-op - INR check day before - Vit K 1-2 mg PO 若 INR > 1.5 - Bridge with LMWH 若 high thromboembolic risk: - Mechanical mitral valve - Mechanical aortic valve with risk factors (Afib, prior stroke, EF < 30%) - Recent VTE (< 3 mo) - AF + CHADS2 ≥ 5 or recent stroke - Resume warfarin POD 1 + LMWH bridge until INR therapeutic
DOAC:
| DOAC | Hold (CrCl > 50) | Hold (CrCl 30-50) |
|---|---|---|
| Apixaban | 48 h (high BR), 24 h (low) | 同 |
| Rivaroxaban | 24-48 h | 同 |
| Edoxaban | 24-48 h | 同 |
| Dabigatran | 24-48 h | 48-96 h |
- 不 bridge DOAC(短 half-life)
- Resume 24-72 h post-op based on bleeding risk
Antiplatelet: - ASA mono:multi-decision;continue for vascular / CHD / stent - DAPT post-stent:見上 Step 5 - 緊急 + 高 bleeding → reverse with platelet transfusion ± desmopressin
493.1.0.5 🩺 4️⃣ Endocrine Peri-op(盧醫師核心)
493.1.0.5.1 DM Peri-op
493.1.0.5.1.1 評估
- HbA1c 近期、目前 regimen、hypoglycemia frequency、complications(retinopathy、nephropathy、neuropathy 自主神經 silent ischemia)
- HbA1c > 8-9% → elective delay + optimize
- DM + autonomic neuropathy 是 silent MI 高 risk
493.1.0.5.1.2 Target
- 100-180 mg/dL peri-op
- Avoid < 70(hypoglycemia 風險)
- Tight control(80-110)已 abandoned(NICE-SUGAR 證明 mortality ↑)
493.1.0.5.1.3 藥物 peri-op management
| 藥 | Hold timing | 備註 |
|---|---|---|
| SGLT2i(empagliflozin、canagliflozin、dapagliflozin) | 3-4 d pre-op | euglycemic DKA 風險(即使 glucose 正常,仍 DKA!) |
| GLP-1 RA(semaglutide、liraglutide、dulaglutide、tirzepatide) | ≥ 1 wk pre-op | ASA 2023:胃排空延遲 → aspiration;daily 至少 day-of hold;weekly 至少 1 wk hold |
| Metformin | Day of surgery hold (傳統) / continue if no contrast + normal renal (新) | Lactic acidosis 風險 (CrCl < 30 禁忌) |
| Sulfonylurea(glipizide、glyburide) | Day of hold | Hypoglycemia 風險 |
| DPP4i(sitagliptin) | Day of hold | 多無大礙 |
| TZD(pioglitazone) | 一般 continue 或 day-of hold | volume retention CHF 風險 |
| Long-acting insulin(glargine、detemir、degludec) | Continue 50-100% basal dose | NPO 期間防 DKA |
| NPH | Half AM dose | |
| Short-acting insulin(regular、aspart、lispro、glulisine) | Hold while NPO | Sliding scale 替代 |
| Insulin pump | Continue basal;endocrine co-manage | Bolus hold during NPO |
493.1.0.5.2 Thyroid Peri-op
493.1.0.5.2.1 Hyperthyroidism
- 未控制 hyperthyroid → thyroid storm 風險高:fever、tachy、HF、agitation、coma、mortality 10-30%
- Elective delay 直到 euthyroid(free T4 + clinical)
- 急救必要時:
- β-blocker(propranolol or labetalol)pre-op
- PTU / methimazole
- SSKI (Lugol’s) iodide block(Wolff-Chaikoff effect,術前 7-14 d)
- Hydrocortisone(block T4 → T3 conversion)
493.1.0.5.3 Adrenal Peri-op — 盧醫師重點
493.1.0.5.3.1 HPA axis suppression 判定
- Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d for ≥ 3 wk → 假設 HPA suppression
- < 5 mg/d 或 < 3 wk → 多無 suppression
- 不確定可 ACTH stim test(cortisol < 18 μg/dL post-cosyntropin → suppressed)
493.1.0.5.3.2 Stress Dose Hydrocortisone
| 手術級別 | 例 | Hydrocortisone |
|---|---|---|
| Minor | Dental、hernia、cataract、endoscopy | 25 mg IV × 1 (or usual dose only) |
| Moderate | Cholecystectomy、TKA、open hernia | 50-75 mg/d divided × 1-2 d → taper |
| Major | CABG、Whipple、colectomy、major trauma | 100-150 mg/d divided × 2-3 d → taper |
- 已知 primary AI 永遠 stress dose
- 服法:IV q6-8 h 多 50 mg、術中 100 mg load
- Septic / ICU / shock:加 fludrocortisone 50 μg PO if primary AI(mineralocorticoid replacement)
493.1.0.5.3.3 Pheochromocytoma
- α-block ≥ 14 d pre-op:phenoxybenzamine(non-selective α)or doxazosin(selective α-1)
- 加 β-block 在 α-block 後(避免 unopposed α-stim crisis)
- Saline 1-2 L/d × 24-48 h pre-op restore intravascular volume(chronic vasoconstriction)
- Avoid catecholamine-stimulating drugs:ephedrine、ketamine、cocaine、morphine(histamine release)
- Avoid β-block alone(unopposed α crisis)
493.1.0.6 🩺 5️⃣ VTE Prophylaxis
493.1.0.6.1 風險評估:Caprini score(surgical)
- Age、prior VTE、cancer、obesity、major surgery、hormones、immobility、family Hx
- ≤ 1:early ambulation
- 2:mechanical(pneumatic compression)
- ≥ 3:mechanical + pharmacologic
493.1.0.6.2 藥物選擇
| 藥 | Dose | 適應 |
|---|---|---|
| Enoxaparin | 40 mg SC qd or 30 mg BID | 一般 surgery |
| UFH | 5000 U SC BID-TID | renal failure 替代 |
| Fondaparinux | 2.5 mg SC qd | HIT history |
| Rivaroxaban | 10 mg PO qd | Hip/knee replacement (post-op) |
| Apixaban | 2.5 mg BID | Hip/knee replacement |
| Aspirin | NOT monotherapy(除非 orthopedic specific) | — |
493.1.0.7 🩺 6️⃣ Other Peri-op Topics
493.1.0.7.1 Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis(ACC/AHA 2021)
對象: - Prosthetic cardiac valve(含 TAVR/TAVI) - Prosthetic material used in valve repair (annuloplasty ring, artificial chord) - Prior IE - Cardiac transplant with structurally abnormal valve + regurgitation - Cyanotic CHD unrepaired or repaired with residual shunt / valvulopathy adjacent to prosthetic material
手術 / 操作: - Dental procedures with gingival manipulation, periapical region, perforation of oral mucosa - 不常規 for GI / GU / 皮膚 / 骨科
藥: - Amoxicillin 2 g PO 30-60 min pre-procedure - Penicillin allergy:cephalexin 2 g、azithromycin 500 mg、doxycycline 100 mg
493.1.0.7.2 Aortic Stenosis 重要更新
- Severe symptomatic AS → AVR (SAVR or TAVI) before non-urgent surgery if possible
- Severe asymptomatic AS + preserved EF + 低-中 risk surgery → 多 OK with monitoring
- Mayo Clinic 2000-2010 contemporary cohort:severe AS 30-d mortality 5.9% vs control 3.1% (NS);但 MACE 多 (heart failure 主)
- Balloon valvotomy 不常規;少數 bridge
493.1.0.8 🩺 Case 完整解析
493.1.0.8.1 Case 1:65 歲男 T2DM、HbA1c 9.5%、Cr 1.6、抽煙 40 pack-yr、預定 hip replacement
病史:65 歲男,T2DM × 15 yr,目前 metformin 1000 mg BID + insulin glargine 30 U HS + aspart pre-meal 8 U;HbA1c 9.5%(不佳);近期 admit 一次 hypoglycemia ER。Cr 1.6(baseline)、eGFR 45。HTN on lisinopril 20 mg + amlodipine 5 mg。CAD post-MI 2018 PCI with DES × 1 to RCA(5 年前),on ASA 81 mg + atorvastatin 40 mg。Smoking 40 pack-yr 目前仍抽(半包/d)。預定 elective right hip replacement for OA。
Pre-op assessment:
- Cardiac risk:
- RCRI:ischemic heart disease (1) + insulin DM (1) + Cr > 2? Cr 1.6 不滿足、CHF? 否、CVD? 否、high-risk surgery? Hip 屬 intermediate not high → RCRI = 2(event rate ~ 6%)
- METs:因 hip OA 走路受限 < 4 METs (unknown)
- Stress test indicated if 結果會改 management(很可能不會 → 多 proceed)
- NSQIP MICA:integrate;可能中-高 risk
- 2024 ACC/AHA path:elevated risk + unknown METs → 考慮 stress test;若 negative → 直接開
- Pre-op cardiology consult OK
- Pulmonary:smoker、age、hip surgery → high risk
- 戒煙 advise ≥ 8 wk pre-op(若 elective)
- Pre-op CXR + 視 SpO2 + 評估 OSA(STOP-BANG)
- Post-op incentive spirometry、early ambulation
- Renal:Cr 1.6, eGFR 45(CKD G3a)
- Hold metformin day of(CrCl borderline;保守)
- Avoid contrast unless necessary;若必要 hydration NS
- Hold lisinopril morning of surgery(preserve renal)
- DM 圍術期:
- HbA1c 9.5% → 建議 delay 1-2 mo optimize(target < 8)
- 若 optimize:強化 insulin、加 GLP-1 RA / SGLT2i 視 contraindication(CKD G3a SGLT2i 多可用 but careful)
- 手術當日:
- Stop SGLT2i 3-4 d pre-op (若有)
- Stop GLP-1 RA ≥ 1 wk pre-op (若有)
- Metformin hold day of
- Glargine: 取 50-80% dose 前一晚
- Aspart prandial hold while NPO
- IV insulin drip during long surgery;target 100-180
- Post-op q1-2 h glucose、resume usual when 進食
- Antiplatelet management:
- DES 2018 (5 yr ago) → 早已超 6 mo / 12 mo DAPT 期 → mono ASA continue
- ASA 81 mg continue peri-op for secondary CAD prevention(hip replacement bleeding risk acceptable)
- Statin:continue atorvastatin
- β-blocker:none currently → 不新開 day-of
- Smoking cessation:strongly advise;refer cessation programme
- VTE prophylaxis(hip replacement = high risk):
- Enoxaparin 40 mg SC qd 或 rivaroxaban 10 mg PO qd × 10-35 d post-op
- Pneumatic compression intra + post-op
- Pre-op labs:CBC、BMP、HbA1c、LFT、coag、type & screen、ECG、CXR
- Anesthesia:spinal / epidural 可考慮(pulmonary 較佳);neuraxial 注意 anticoag timing
Recommendation: - Delay elective hip replacement 1-2 mo for HbA1c optimization to < 8%、smoking cessation 起始 - Pre-op cardiology consult;若 stress test negative + medical optimization → proceed - Endocrine co-management - 多專科 anesthesia consult OSA evaluation
493.1.0.8.2 Case 2:70 歲女 chronic prednisone 15 mg/d × 5 yr for PMR + 預定 CABG
病史:70 歲女,polymyalgia rheumatica 5 yr,prednisone 15 mg/d 維持(過去多次 taper fail);CAD with 3-vessel disease + LV dysfunction (EF 40%) → 預定 elective CABG × 3。HTN、DM2 on metformin、CKD eGFR 50。
Pre-op assessment:
HPA axis status:
- Prednisone 15 mg/d × 5 yr = 確定 HPA axis suppression
- 不需 ACTH stim test confirm(high pretest probability)
- 假設 secondary adrenal insufficiency
Stress dose hydrocortisone for major surgery(CABG):
- Induction / OR:hydrocortisone 100 mg IV pre-op
- POD 0-1:hydrocortisone 100-150 mg/d divided q6-8 h
- POD 2-3:taper to 50-75 mg/d
- POD 3-5:taper to physiologic dose (~ 20-30 mg/d hydrocortisone equivalent)
- Resume usual prednisone 15 mg PO when 進食 + stable
- 若 septic / ICU shock → 加 fludrocortisone 50 μg PO if 持續
PMR 維持:考慮 IL-6 inhibitor(tocilizumab)long-term steroid-sparing post-op(subspecialty consult)
Cardiac:CABG 是 cardiac surgery(不是本章主題)但 perioperative principles 適用
- Aspirin continue(CABG 多 continue ASA)
- β-blocker continue if chronic; 不新開
- Statin continue
DM 圍術期:
- HbA1c 確認
- Metformin hold day of
- Insulin drip during surgery;target 140-180
- Tight glucose 80-110 已 abandoned even CABG (NICE-SUGAR)
CKD:
- Avoid AKI(contrast minimization、hydration、avoid nephrotoxic)
- Hold ACEi morning
- 監測 K、Cr 密集
VTE prophylaxis:cardiac surgery 多 post-op LMWH or UFH
Steroid side effects post-op:
- Hyperglycemia(增 insulin)
- Wound healing 慢(aware)
- Infection 風險 ↑(surveillance)
Key teaching: - Stress dose 不是只「術中一針」而是 prolonged taper × days - 過去多年 chronic steroid 不可突然停 → Addisonian crisis - 配合 endocrine consult 是 best practice
493.1.0.8.3 Case 3:50 歲女 GLP-1 on semaglutide weekly + 預定 colonoscopy
病史:50 歲女,BMI 35、T2DM × 8 yr、目前 metformin 1000 mg BID + semaglutide 1 mg SC weekly(每週 Tuesday)。HbA1c 7.2%。預定 elective colonoscopy 下週 Tuesday(注射日)+ 隔天 Wednesday 麻醉做 ESD(內視鏡黏膜下剝離術)of 2 cm sigmoid polyp。
Pre-op assessment:
- GLP-1 RA hold timing(ASA 2023 guideline):
- Weekly GLP-1(semaglutide、dulaglutide、tirzepatide):Hold ≥ 1 wk pre-procedure(some 建議 2 wk)
- Daily GLP-1(liraglutide、exenatide BID、lixisenatide):hold day of
- Mechanism:GLP-1 delay gastric emptying → 即使 NPO 8 h 仍 retained gastric content → aspiration risk
- 多 case reports of aspiration despite proper NPO
- 本案:
- Tuesday 是 weekly injection day 卻 procedure day → 建議 skip this week’s injection
- 上一次 injection 應 ≥ 7-14 d 前
- 與 patient 討論 + endocrine 確認
- Pre-procedure GI workup:
- Consider 拍 abdominal US / 視診評估 gastric residual(若 high risk)
- Endoscopist 可在 sedation 後先檢查 stomach residue;若大量 → 中止 procedure
- Glucose control:
- Hold semaglutide 自己會 reduce glucose-lowering effect
- Metformin continue(colonoscopy 不需 contrast、無 lactic acidosis 顧慮)
- SMBG more frequent
- NPO:
- Standard clear liquid 2 h、light meal 6 h
- 若 GLP-1 has been held 1 wk + clear liquid only morning of:相對 lower aspiration risk
- 若 GLP-1 not held:考慮 24 h clear liquid only NPO + ASA reasoning
- Bowel prep:standard colonoscopy prep
- Sedation:建議 RSI(rapid sequence induction)or full general anesthesia + ETT if 高 aspiration risk;常規 propofol + airway protection
Discussion with patient: - 「semaglutide 會讓胃排空慢,麻醉時可能有食物逆流嗆到肺裡,所以建議您這週 Tuesday 那一針不要打,等手術後恢復進食再打」 - 患者顧慮血糖:metformin 維持 + SMBG;單週停 weekly GLP-1 對 A1c 影響小
Key teaching: - ASA 2023 guideline 是新的 standard of care - Aspiration 已有 multiple case reports + 死亡個案 - Endocrine + anesthesia 跨團隊 protocol - Future 多 hospital developing「GLP-1 hold checklist」
493.1.0.9 ⚠️ 易犯錯誤
- Pre-op「clearance」當作放行而非 risk assessment
- RCRI 計算錯誤(high-risk surgery 定義模糊、Cr 用 1.5 而非 2.0)
- METs 估算過度樂觀(病人說 “I’m fine” 但實際 < 4)
- Stress test 因為「習慣」而做,不問 will it change management
- ACEi / ARB 沒 hold morning → 術中 hypotension
- β-blocker 新開 day-of(POISE:MI ↓ 但 stroke + death ↑)
- SGLT2i 沒 hold 3-4 d → euglycemic DKA 術中或術後(即使 glucose 看起來正常!)
- GLP-1 RA 沒 hold ≥ 1 wk → aspiration(2023 後新 standard)
- Chronic steroid > 5 mg/d 沒 stress dose → Addisonian crisis
- Pheochromocytoma 沒 α-block 就 β-block → unopposed α crisis
- Hyperthyroid uncontrolled → thyroid storm intra-op
- Anticoag bridging 不必要(多數低風險 AF 不需 bridge → BRIDGE trial)
- DOAC bridge with LMWH → 無 benefit + bleeding ↑
- IE prophylaxis 給 MV prolapse、bicuspid AV(已 deprecated)
- Aortic stenosis severe asymptomatic 一律拒手術(過度悲觀)
493.1.0.10 🔁 速記
- RCRI 6 因子:high-risk surgery、IHD、CHF、CVD、insulin DM、Cr > 2
- METs ≥ 4 = 良好(爬 1-2 層樓)
- ACS → 治 ACS、Emergency → 開
- β-blocker continue 慢 chronic;不 day-of 新開
- Statin continue + 新開(vascular)
- ACEi / ARB hold morning of
- SGLT2i hold 3-4 d(euglycemic DKA)
- GLP-1 hold ≥ 1 wk(aspiration, ASA 2023)
- Metformin hold day of (傳統) / continue if renal OK + no contrast (新)
- Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d ≥ 3 wk → stress dose hydrocortisone
- Pheochromocytoma α-block 14 d → β-block
- Anticoag bridge 限 high thromboembolic risk(mechanical valve, recent VTE)
- NPO clear 2 h、light 6 h、heavy 8 h
- VTE prophylaxis:LMWH or DOAC + pneumatic compression
- DAPT post-stent delay:BMS 1 mo、DES 6 mo、ACS 12 mo
- IE prophylaxis only for high-risk valve + dental gingival
⚠️ AI 草稿,臨床應以最新指引為準。