493.1 🎓 醫學生版

對象:M3-M6 醫學生。非心臟手術術前內科評估(Pre-op Evaluation)是內科會診(Consultative Medicine)的最大宗。重點:(1) Cardiac risk stratification(RCRI + NSQIP MICA + METs + 2024 ACC/AHA algorithm);(2) Pulmonary、Renal、Liver、Heme 評估;(3) 內分泌科盧醫師重點:DM 圍術期、SGLT2i / GLP-1 hold、stress dose steroid、Thyroid、Pheochromocytoma、Hypercalcemia;(4) VTE prophylaxis;(5) Pre-op fasting。


493.1.0.1 📌 一頁重點

非心臟手術圍術期最常見的併發症是 cardiovascular(MI、heart failure、stroke)與 pulmonary(atelectasis、pneumonia、respiratory failure)。內科醫師會診時的核心任務是:(1) risk stratification(分層);(2) risk modification(最佳化、藥物 hold/continue 決策);(3) peri-op endocrine / antithrombotic management。重要:「pre-op clearance」不是簽字放行,而是 risk-benefit 評估 + 最佳化建議。

493.1.0.1.1 Cardiac Risk Assessment
  • RCRI(Revised Cardiac Risk Index,修訂版心臟風險指數)6 因子,每項 1 分:
    1. High-risk surgery:vascular(除 carotid endarterectomy)、大型胸 / 腹腔手術
    2. Ischemic heart disease:曾 MI、目前 angina、SL nitroglycerin 需求、正向 exercise test、ECG pathologic Q、PCI/CABG with 目前 angina
    3. CHF(congestive heart failure,鬱血性心衰):physical exam LV failure、PND、肺水腫、S3、ralles、CXR pulm edema
    4. CVD(cerebrovascular disease,腦血管病):TIA、CVA
    5. DM on insulin
    6. Cr > 2.0 mg/dL(chronic renal insufficiency)
RCRI 分數 Major cardiac event rate
0 0.4-0.5%
1 0.9-1.3%
2 6-7%
≥ 3 11%+
  • METs(metabolic equivalents,代謝當量)≥ 4 = 良好:能爬 1-2 層樓、4 mph 平地走路、carrying 15-20 lb;< 4 = poor capacity
  • NSQIP MICA risk calculator:integrated(年齡、ASA-PS、surgery type、functional status、Cr)
493.1.0.1.2 2024 ACC/AHA 簡化 algorithm
  1. Emergency surgery → 直接開(risk 高但無 alternatives)
  2. ACS(acute coronary syndrome) → 先治 ACS(goal-directed medical therapy)
  3. Low surgical / clinical risk(< 1% MACE,e.g., cataract、endoscopy、表淺)→ 直接開
  4. Elevated risk + 良好 METs(≥ 4) → 直接開
  5. Elevated risk + 差 / 不明 METs → pharmacologic stress test(若結果會改變 management)
493.1.0.1.3 Risk Modification(圍術期藥物)
建議
β-blocker chronic Continue(突然停藥 rebound)
β-blocker 新開 不建議手術當日開始(POISE trial:MI ↓ 但 stroke + death ↑)
Statin Continue + 鼓勵新開(vascular surgery 特別)
ACEi / ARB Hold morning of surgery(hypotension 風險);術後 24-48 h 恢復
Aspirin 視 indication;mono 多 continue(CHD、stent);primary prevention 多 hold 7 d
DAPT (P2Y12 + ASA) post-stent 絕對 delay surgery:BMS 1 mo、stable CAD DES 6 mo、ACS 12 mo;緊急時 keep ASA
α-2 agonist (clonidine) 不建議新開(POISE-2:MI 不降、hypotension + cardiac arrest ↑)
CCB 不建議 prophylactic 新開
SGLT2i Hold 3-4 d pre-op(euglycemic DKA 風險)
GLP-1 RA Hold ≥ 1 wk pre-op(ASA 2023:胃排空延遲 → aspiration 風險)
493.1.0.1.4 Pulmonary Risk
  • ARISCAT risk index:age、SpO2、近期 resp infection、上腹 / 胸腔 surgery、surgery > 2 h、Hb < 10、emergency
  • 高 risk:bronchodilator、incentive spirometry、deep breathing、postural drainage、early ambulation
  • Smoking cessation:≥ 8 wk pre-op 最佳(短期戒煙 < 4 wk 仍建議,但無 RCT 確認可降併發)
  • OSA:STOP-BANG screen;CPAP 持續
  • COPD:optimize bronchodilator + steroid burst if exacerbation;avoid elective during exacerbation
493.1.0.1.5 Renal / Liver / Heme
  • Renal:baseline eGFR;contrast nephropathy 預防(hydration、Hold ACEi/diuretic 周邊、N-acetylcysteine 不再推薦);hyperkalemia control
  • Liver:Child-Pugh + MELD(MELD > 14 → high surgical mortality);alcohol cessation
  • Anemia:optimize pre-op(iron、EPO);transfusion 視 indication
  • Anticoagulation peri-op
Pre-op hold Bridge?
Warfarin 5 d 視 thromboembolic risk(mechanical valve、recent VTE、AF + CHADS2 ≥ 5 → LMWH bridge)
Apixaban / Rivaroxaban / Edoxaban 24-48 h(high bleeding risk surgery 48-72 h) 一般無需 bridge
Dabigatran 24-48 h(CrCl > 50)/ 48-96 h(CrCl 30-50) 無需 bridge
493.1.0.1.6 內分泌(盧醫師重點)
  • DM:
    • Target glucose 100-180 mg/dL(避過嚴控;intensive control 增 hypoglycemia 風險,無 benefit)
    • HbA1c > 8-9% → 考慮 elective delay 最佳化
    • 圍術期:basal insulin continue(剪半 long-acting Hold 視情況)+ insulin sliding scale;prandial insulin Hold(NPO)
    • SGLT2i hold 3-4 d(DKA 風險)
    • GLP-1 RA hold ≥ 1 wk(aspiration 風險,ASA 2023)
    • Metformin 過去建議 hold day of(lactic acidosis 顧慮,新指引可繼續 if normal renal function + no contrast)
    • Sulfonylurea / DPP4i:Hold day of
    • Insulin pump:endocrine team co-manage;多 continue basal
  • Thyroid:
    • Hyperthyroid 必先控制(避 thyroid storm):β-blocker + ATD;severe 必要時 surgery delay
    • Hypothyroid mild 可 proceed
    • Severe hypothyroid(myxedema 風險)必先治
    • LT4 一週可不吃(half-life 7 d);長 NPO 用 IV LT4(PO dose × 0.7)
  • Adrenal
    • Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d ≥ 3 wk → HPA axis suppression → stress dose hydrocortisone
      • Minor surgery(dental, hernia):hydrocortisone 25 mg IV 術中 一次
      • Moderate surgery(cholecystectomy, joint replacement):50-75 mg/d divided × 1-2 d → taper
      • Major surgery(CABG, Whipple, colectomy):100-150 mg/d divided × 2-3 d → taper to maintenance
    • 已知 primary AI:永遠 stress dose
    • Pheochromocytoma必 α-block ≥ 14 d pre-op(phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin)→ 加 β-block(α-block 後);高血容(saline)pre-op 24-48 h
  • Calcium:
    • PHPT Ca > 12 → defer non-urgent surgery → 先 hydration、calcitonin、bisphosphonate
  • Pituitary:
    • DI(diabetes insipidus)→ desmopressin continue + I/O monitor
    • Panhypopituitarism → multiple replacements(thyroid + cortisol + DDAVP + GH 不影響)+ stress dose hydrocortisone
493.1.0.1.7 VTE Prophylaxis
  • Caprini score for surgical patient
  • LMWH(enoxaparin 40 mg SC qd or 30 mg BID)or low-dose UFH 5000 U SC BID-TID
  • DOAC(rivaroxaban 10 mg/d)可作為 orthopedic post-op alternative
  • Pneumatic compression as 補助 or 替代 if bleeding risk
  • 注意 epidural / neuraxial timing(LMWH prophylactic 12 h、therapeutic 24 h pre-needle)
493.1.0.1.8 Pre-op Fasting(ASA 指引)
  • Clear liquids: 2 h
  • Light meal (toast, tea): 6 h
  • Heavy meal (fat, fried, meat): 8 h
  • GLP-1 RA on: 延長 fasting + 考慮 NPO 24 h;EGD 取消 daily injection
  • 母乳: 4 h;嬰兒配方: 6 h
493.1.0.1.9 Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis(ACC/AHA 2021)
  • Dental procedures involving gingival manipulation / periapical / oral mucosa perforation only
  • 對象:
    • Prosthetic valve(含 TAVR)
    • Valve repair with prosthetic material
    • Prior IE
    • Cardiac transplant + valvulopathy
    • Cyanotic CHD unrepaired or with residual shunt
  • 不再常規 for MV prolapse / bicuspid AV
493.1.0.1.10 Aortic Stenosis 重要
  • Severe symptomatic AS → AVR before non-urgent surgery 若可
  • Severe asymptomatic AS + preserved EF → low-mod risk surgery 多 OK with careful monitoring
  • Old guideline 過度悲觀;contemporary 30-d mortality 與 control 相當

493.1.0.2 🩺 1️⃣ Cardiac Risk Stratification

493.1.0.2.1 為何重要
  • 圍術期 MI(PMI, perioperative MI)30-d mortality 15-25%
  • 多 silent(受 opioid analgesia 掩蓋)
  • 多發於術後 48-72 h(plaque rupture + demand mismatch)
493.1.0.2.2 Step 1: 評估手術 type

Low risk(< 1% MACE): - Cataract、endoscopy、表淺、breast biopsy、ambulatory Intermediate: - 一般 abdomen、thoracic、orthopedic、head/neck、carotid endarterectomy、prostate High risk(> 5% MACE): - Vascular(aortic、peripheral arterial)、emergency surgery 老人、major intraperitoneal、prolonged with 大 fluid shift

493.1.0.2.3 Step 2: RCRI 計算

6 因子(每項 1 分): 1. High-risk surgery(vascular、major intraperitoneal/thoracic) 2. Ischemic heart disease 3. CHF 4. CVD(TIA / CVA) 5. DM on insulin 6. Cr > 2 mg/dL

493.1.0.2.4 Step 3: NSQIP MICA / Risk Calculator
493.1.0.2.5 Step 4: METs assessment
METs 活動例
1 吃飯、看電視
4 爬 1 層樓、4 mph 走、carrying 15-20 lb、playing golf
4-10 慢跑、爬山、tennis singles
> 10 競技運動
  • ≥ 4 METs:functional reserve 足;多不需 further testing
  • < 4 METs or unknown:考慮 pharmacologic stress test(dobutamine echo、dipyridamole / regadenoson nuclear)only if 結果會改變 management
493.1.0.2.6 Step 5: Decision
  • Emergency → 開 + 術後 ICU
  • ACS → 治 ACS 先
  • Low surgical / clinical risk → 開
  • Elevated risk + 良好 METs → 開
  • Elevated risk + 差 METs → stress test if would change mgmt
    • Stress test positive → 考慮 cath + revasc if indication,僅當 clinical guideline 適應症成立(不為了手術而 revasc)
    • Stress test negative → 開
493.1.0.2.7 Coronary Revascularization Pre-op
  • 不為了 noncardiac surgery 而 revasc(CARP trial 證明 no benefit)
  • 適應症:left main、3-vessel + LV dysfunction、ACS(with guideline indication)
  • Post-PCI elective surgery delay:
    • Balloon angioplasty:> 14 d
    • BMS(bare metal stent):≥ 30 d
    • DES(drug-eluting stent):≥ 6 mo(stable CAD)/ 12 mo(ACS)
    • 1 mo 內 DES 緊急時:keep DAPT 或 cangrelor bridge

493.1.0.3 🩺 2️⃣ Pulmonary Risk

493.1.0.3.1 風險因子
  • 老(> 70)
  • COPD / asthma exacerbation
  • 抽煙
  • OSA
  • Hb < 10
  • 上腹 / 胸腔 / aortic surgery
  • 久(> 3-4 h)
  • General anesthesia > regional
493.1.0.3.2 ARISCAT score(7 因子)
  • Age
  • 低 pre-op SpO2
  • Respiratory infection within 1 mo
  • 上腹 / 胸腔 surgery
  • Surgery > 2 h
  • Hb < 10
  • Emergency
493.1.0.3.3 Smoking Cessation
  • ≥ 8 wk pre-op 最佳(cilia function 恢復)
  • 短期(< 4 wk):有些舊 data 顯示 transient ↑ sputum/cough,新 meta-analysis 推翻;現在一律 advise 戒
  • 即使術前一週停也 reduce CO/nicotine cardiovascular effect
493.1.0.3.4 COPD
  • Optimize bronchodilator(ipratropium、albuterol)
  • Inhaled steroid continue
  • 急 exacerbation → delay elective surgery(除非緊急)
  • Pulmonary rehab if 嚴重
  • Post-op:incentive spirometry、deep breathing、early ambulation、selective NG tube
493.1.0.3.5 Asthma
  • Peak flow 評估 + step-up if symptomatic
  • Pre-op nebulized bronchodilator
  • IV hydrocortisone if 長期 oral steroid
493.1.0.3.6 OSA
  • STOP-BANG screen (Snoring, Tired, Observed apnea, Pressure HTN, BMI > 35, Age > 50, Neck > 40 cm, Gender male):≥ 3 高風險
  • CPAP continue(自帶機器入院)
  • 術後 opioid 慎用、prolonged monitoring、O2 + capnography
493.1.0.3.7 Spirometry
  • 不常規
  • 適應症:COPD / asthma uncertain severity、lung resection candidate(FEV1 < 2 L → high risk)

493.1.0.4 🩺 3️⃣ Renal、Liver、Heme

493.1.0.4.1 Renal
  • Baseline Cr + eGFR
  • AKI 風險因子:CKD、DM、HTN、CHF、age、nephrotoxic exposure、contrast、major surgery
  • Contrast nephropathy 預防:
    • Hydration(NS 1 mL/kg/h × 6-12 h pre + post)
    • Hold ACEi / ARB / NSAID / diuretic peri-contrast
    • 低劑量 contrast、iso-osmolar
    • N-acetylcysteine 不再 routine recommend(PRESERVE trial)
  • Hyperkalemia → 急 correct(kayexalate、loop、insulin/glucose、bicarb、急 K > 6.5 emergency)
  • Dialysis-dependent:HD day before surgery
493.1.0.4.2 Liver
  • Child-Pugh:bilirubin、albumin、PT/INR、ascites、encephalopathy
  • MELD > 14 → 高 surgical mortality;> 20 → 極高
  • 急性 hepatitis = elective surgery 禁忌
  • Alcohol cessation 4 wk pre-op
  • Coagulopathy correct(FFP、Vit K、cryoprecipitate)
  • Ascites → drainage 視容量
  • Encephalopathy → lactulose、rifaximin、避 sedatives
493.1.0.4.3 Anemia
  • Pre-op Hb < 10 → workup(iron studies、ferritin、B12、folate)+ optimize
  • Iron 補充(PO 4-6 wk 或 IV iron 1-2 wk pre-op)
  • EPO(epoetin alfa)for select(CKD、Jehovah’s Witness)
  • Avoid transfusion 除非 indicated(restrictive strategy Hb > 7-8)
493.1.0.4.4 Anticoagulation Peri-op(盧醫師重點)

Warfarin: - Hold 5 d pre-op - INR check day before - Vit K 1-2 mg PO 若 INR > 1.5 - Bridge with LMWH 若 high thromboembolic risk: - Mechanical mitral valve - Mechanical aortic valve with risk factors (Afib, prior stroke, EF < 30%) - Recent VTE (< 3 mo) - AF + CHADS2 ≥ 5 or recent stroke - Resume warfarin POD 1 + LMWH bridge until INR therapeutic

DOAC:

DOAC Hold (CrCl > 50) Hold (CrCl 30-50)
Apixaban 48 h (high BR), 24 h (low)
Rivaroxaban 24-48 h
Edoxaban 24-48 h
Dabigatran 24-48 h 48-96 h
  • 不 bridge DOAC(短 half-life)
  • Resume 24-72 h post-op based on bleeding risk

Antiplatelet: - ASA mono:multi-decision;continue for vascular / CHD / stent - DAPT post-stent:見上 Step 5 - 緊急 + 高 bleeding → reverse with platelet transfusion ± desmopressin


493.1.0.5 🩺 4️⃣ Endocrine Peri-op(盧醫師核心)

493.1.0.5.1 DM Peri-op
493.1.0.5.1.1 評估
  • HbA1c 近期、目前 regimen、hypoglycemia frequency、complications(retinopathy、nephropathy、neuropathy 自主神經 silent ischemia)
  • HbA1c > 8-9% → elective delay + optimize
  • DM + autonomic neuropathy 是 silent MI 高 risk
493.1.0.5.1.2 Target
  • 100-180 mg/dL peri-op
  • Avoid < 70(hypoglycemia 風險)
  • Tight control(80-110)已 abandoned(NICE-SUGAR 證明 mortality ↑)
493.1.0.5.1.3 藥物 peri-op management
Hold timing 備註
SGLT2i(empagliflozin、canagliflozin、dapagliflozin) 3-4 d pre-op euglycemic DKA 風險(即使 glucose 正常,仍 DKA!)
GLP-1 RA(semaglutide、liraglutide、dulaglutide、tirzepatide) ≥ 1 wk pre-op ASA 2023:胃排空延遲 → aspiration;daily 至少 day-of hold;weekly 至少 1 wk hold
Metformin Day of surgery hold (傳統) / continue if no contrast + normal renal (新) Lactic acidosis 風險 (CrCl < 30 禁忌)
Sulfonylurea(glipizide、glyburide) Day of hold Hypoglycemia 風險
DPP4i(sitagliptin) Day of hold 多無大礙
TZD(pioglitazone) 一般 continue 或 day-of hold volume retention CHF 風險
Long-acting insulin(glargine、detemir、degludec) Continue 50-100% basal dose NPO 期間防 DKA
NPH Half AM dose
Short-acting insulin(regular、aspart、lispro、glulisine) Hold while NPO Sliding scale 替代
Insulin pump Continue basal;endocrine co-manage Bolus hold during NPO
493.1.0.5.1.4 Intra-op + Post-op
  • NPO 期間 IV insulin drip 為長手術 / 主要手術 / 重 DM 控制不佳 首選
  • 短手術可 SQ sliding scale
  • 監測 q1-2 h glucose
  • Resume usual insulin/orals when 進食回復
493.1.0.5.2 Thyroid Peri-op
493.1.0.5.2.1 Hyperthyroidism
  • 未控制 hyperthyroid → thyroid storm 風險高:fever、tachy、HF、agitation、coma、mortality 10-30%
  • Elective delay 直到 euthyroid(free T4 + clinical)
  • 急救必要時:
    • β-blocker(propranolol or labetalol)pre-op
    • PTU / methimazole
    • SSKI (Lugol’s) iodide block(Wolff-Chaikoff effect,術前 7-14 d)
    • Hydrocortisone(block T4 → T3 conversion)
493.1.0.5.2.2 Hypothyroidism
  • Mild-moderate hypothyroid 可 proceed
  • Severe hypothyroid / myxedema:post-op pneumonia、hyponatremia、prolonged ileus、anesthesia sensitivity → must treat
  • LT4 一週可不吃(half-life 7 d);長 NPO 用 IV LT4(PO dose × 0.7)
493.1.0.5.3 Adrenal Peri-op — 盧醫師重點
493.1.0.5.3.1 HPA axis suppression 判定
  • Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d for ≥ 3 wk → 假設 HPA suppression
  • < 5 mg/d 或 < 3 wk → 多無 suppression
  • 不確定可 ACTH stim test(cortisol < 18 μg/dL post-cosyntropin → suppressed)
493.1.0.5.3.2 Stress Dose Hydrocortisone
手術級別 Hydrocortisone
Minor Dental、hernia、cataract、endoscopy 25 mg IV × 1 (or usual dose only)
Moderate Cholecystectomy、TKA、open hernia 50-75 mg/d divided × 1-2 d → taper
Major CABG、Whipple、colectomy、major trauma 100-150 mg/d divided × 2-3 d → taper
  • 已知 primary AI 永遠 stress dose
  • 服法:IV q6-8 h 多 50 mg、術中 100 mg load
  • Septic / ICU / shock:加 fludrocortisone 50 μg PO if primary AI(mineralocorticoid replacement)
493.1.0.5.3.3 Pheochromocytoma
  • α-block ≥ 14 d pre-op:phenoxybenzamine(non-selective α)or doxazosin(selective α-1)
  • β-block 在 α-block 後(避免 unopposed α-stim crisis)
  • Saline 1-2 L/d × 24-48 h pre-op restore intravascular volume(chronic vasoconstriction)
  • Avoid catecholamine-stimulating drugs:ephedrine、ketamine、cocaine、morphine(histamine release)
  • Avoid β-block alone(unopposed α crisis)
493.1.0.5.4 Calcium / PHPT
  • Ca > 12 + symptomatic → defer non-urgent surgery
  • Hydration NS + calcitonin + bisphosphonate or denosumab
  • Cinacalcet for refractory
493.1.0.5.5 Pituitary
  • DI(diabetes insipidus, 尿崩症)→ DDAVP continue + monitor I/O + Na q4-6 h;避 large fluid challenge errors
  • Panhypopituitarism → LT4 + hydrocortisone stress dose + 性激素 maintenance
  • Acromegaly:airway 評估(macroglossia、laryngeal stenosis);多 difficult intubation

493.1.0.6 🩺 5️⃣ VTE Prophylaxis

493.1.0.6.1 風險評估:Caprini score(surgical)
  • Age、prior VTE、cancer、obesity、major surgery、hormones、immobility、family Hx
  • ≤ 1:early ambulation
  • 2:mechanical(pneumatic compression)
  • ≥ 3:mechanical + pharmacologic
493.1.0.6.2 藥物選擇
Dose 適應
Enoxaparin 40 mg SC qd or 30 mg BID 一般 surgery
UFH 5000 U SC BID-TID renal failure 替代
Fondaparinux 2.5 mg SC qd HIT history
Rivaroxaban 10 mg PO qd Hip/knee replacement (post-op)
Apixaban 2.5 mg BID Hip/knee replacement
Aspirin NOT monotherapy(除非 orthopedic specific)
493.1.0.6.3 時機
  • Surgery 後 ASAP if hemostasis OK
  • Hip / knee replacement: 10-35 d 預防
  • Major abdominal cancer surgery: 4 wk 延長 prophylaxis
  • Pneumatic compression 持續直到 ambulatory
493.1.0.6.4 Neuraxial Anesthesia + Anticoag
  • Prophylactic LMWH:12 h pre-needle、4 h post-needle
  • Therapeutic LMWH:24 h pre-needle
  • UFH SC:no restriction
  • DOAC:multiple-day hold based on drug

493.1.0.7 🩺 6️⃣ Other Peri-op Topics

493.1.0.7.1 Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis(ACC/AHA 2021)

對象: - Prosthetic cardiac valve(含 TAVR/TAVI) - Prosthetic material used in valve repair (annuloplasty ring, artificial chord) - Prior IE - Cardiac transplant with structurally abnormal valve + regurgitation - Cyanotic CHD unrepaired or repaired with residual shunt / valvulopathy adjacent to prosthetic material

手術 / 操作: - Dental procedures with gingival manipulation, periapical region, perforation of oral mucosa - 不常規 for GI / GU / 皮膚 / 骨科

: - Amoxicillin 2 g PO 30-60 min pre-procedure - Penicillin allergy:cephalexin 2 g、azithromycin 500 mg、doxycycline 100 mg

493.1.0.7.2 Aortic Stenosis 重要更新
  • Severe symptomatic AS → AVR (SAVR or TAVI) before non-urgent surgery if possible
  • Severe asymptomatic AS + preserved EF + 低-中 risk surgery → 多 OK with monitoring
  • Mayo Clinic 2000-2010 contemporary cohort:severe AS 30-d mortality 5.9% vs control 3.1% (NS);但 MACE 多 (heart failure 主)
  • Balloon valvotomy 不常規;少數 bridge
493.1.0.7.3 Pre-op Fasting(ASA 2017)
食物 NPO 時間
Clear liquid 2 h
Breast milk 4 h
Infant formula、non-human milk 6 h
Light meal(toast, tea) 6 h
Heavy meal(fat, fried, meat) 8 h
GLP-1 RA on:延長 + consider 24 h NPO
493.1.0.7.4 Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
  • Timing:incision 前 60 min(vancomycin 120 min)
  • 一般 cefazolin 2 g IV(< 120 kg)/ 3 g(≥ 120 kg)
  • MRSA risk:加 vancomycin
  • Re-dose if surgery > half-life × 2 or 大量 blood loss

493.1.0.8 🩺 Case 完整解析

493.1.0.8.1 Case 1:65 歲男 T2DM、HbA1c 9.5%、Cr 1.6、抽煙 40 pack-yr、預定 hip replacement

病史:65 歲男,T2DM × 15 yr,目前 metformin 1000 mg BID + insulin glargine 30 U HS + aspart pre-meal 8 U;HbA1c 9.5%(不佳);近期 admit 一次 hypoglycemia ER。Cr 1.6(baseline)、eGFR 45。HTN on lisinopril 20 mg + amlodipine 5 mg。CAD post-MI 2018 PCI with DES × 1 to RCA(5 年前),on ASA 81 mg + atorvastatin 40 mg。Smoking 40 pack-yr 目前仍抽(半包/d)。預定 elective right hip replacement for OA。

Pre-op assessment

  1. Cardiac risk:
    • RCRI:ischemic heart disease (1) + insulin DM (1) + Cr > 2? Cr 1.6 不滿足、CHF? 否、CVD? 否、high-risk surgery? Hip 屬 intermediate not high → RCRI = 2(event rate ~ 6%)
    • METs:因 hip OA 走路受限 < 4 METs (unknown)
    • Stress test indicated if 結果會改 management(很可能不會 → 多 proceed)
    • NSQIP MICA:integrate;可能中-高 risk
    • 2024 ACC/AHA path:elevated risk + unknown METs → 考慮 stress test;若 negative → 直接開
    • Pre-op cardiology consult OK
  2. Pulmonary:smoker、age、hip surgery → high risk
    • 戒煙 advise ≥ 8 wk pre-op(若 elective)
    • Pre-op CXR + 視 SpO2 + 評估 OSA(STOP-BANG)
    • Post-op incentive spirometry、early ambulation
  3. Renal:Cr 1.6, eGFR 45(CKD G3a)
    • Hold metformin day of(CrCl borderline;保守)
    • Avoid contrast unless necessary;若必要 hydration NS
    • Hold lisinopril morning of surgery(preserve renal)
  4. DM 圍術期
    • HbA1c 9.5% → 建議 delay 1-2 mo optimize(target < 8)
    • 若 optimize:強化 insulin、加 GLP-1 RA / SGLT2i 視 contraindication(CKD G3a SGLT2i 多可用 but careful)
    • 手術當日:
      • Stop SGLT2i 3-4 d pre-op (若有)
      • Stop GLP-1 RA ≥ 1 wk pre-op (若有)
      • Metformin hold day of
      • Glargine: 取 50-80% dose 前一晚
      • Aspart prandial hold while NPO
      • IV insulin drip during long surgery;target 100-180
      • Post-op q1-2 h glucose、resume usual when 進食
  5. Antiplatelet management
    • DES 2018 (5 yr ago) → 早已超 6 mo / 12 mo DAPT 期 → mono ASA continue
    • ASA 81 mg continue peri-op for secondary CAD prevention(hip replacement bleeding risk acceptable)
  6. Statin:continue atorvastatin
  7. β-blocker:none currently → 不新開 day-of
  8. Smoking cessation:strongly advise;refer cessation programme
  9. VTE prophylaxis(hip replacement = high risk):
    • Enoxaparin 40 mg SC qd 或 rivaroxaban 10 mg PO qd × 10-35 d post-op
    • Pneumatic compression intra + post-op
  10. Pre-op labs:CBC、BMP、HbA1c、LFT、coag、type & screen、ECG、CXR
  11. Anesthesia:spinal / epidural 可考慮(pulmonary 較佳);neuraxial 注意 anticoag timing

Recommendation: - Delay elective hip replacement 1-2 mo for HbA1c optimization to < 8%、smoking cessation 起始 - Pre-op cardiology consult;若 stress test negative + medical optimization → proceed - Endocrine co-management - 多專科 anesthesia consult OSA evaluation

493.1.0.8.2 Case 2:70 歲女 chronic prednisone 15 mg/d × 5 yr for PMR + 預定 CABG

病史:70 歲女,polymyalgia rheumatica 5 yr,prednisone 15 mg/d 維持(過去多次 taper fail);CAD with 3-vessel disease + LV dysfunction (EF 40%) → 預定 elective CABG × 3。HTN、DM2 on metformin、CKD eGFR 50。

Pre-op assessment

  1. HPA axis status

    • Prednisone 15 mg/d × 5 yr = 確定 HPA axis suppression
    • 不需 ACTH stim test confirm(high pretest probability)
    • 假設 secondary adrenal insufficiency
  2. Stress dose hydrocortisone for major surgery(CABG)

    • Induction / OR:hydrocortisone 100 mg IV pre-op
    • POD 0-1:hydrocortisone 100-150 mg/d divided q6-8 h
    • POD 2-3:taper to 50-75 mg/d
    • POD 3-5:taper to physiologic dose (~ 20-30 mg/d hydrocortisone equivalent)
    • Resume usual prednisone 15 mg PO when 進食 + stable
    • 若 septic / ICU shock → 加 fludrocortisone 50 μg PO if 持續
  3. PMR 維持:考慮 IL-6 inhibitor(tocilizumab)long-term steroid-sparing post-op(subspecialty consult)

  4. Cardiac:CABG 是 cardiac surgery(不是本章主題)但 perioperative principles 適用

    • Aspirin continue(CABG 多 continue ASA)
    • β-blocker continue if chronic; 不新開
    • Statin continue
  5. DM 圍術期

    • HbA1c 確認
    • Metformin hold day of
    • Insulin drip during surgery;target 140-180
    • Tight glucose 80-110 已 abandoned even CABG (NICE-SUGAR)
  6. CKD

    • Avoid AKI(contrast minimization、hydration、avoid nephrotoxic)
    • Hold ACEi morning
    • 監測 K、Cr 密集
  7. VTE prophylaxis:cardiac surgery 多 post-op LMWH or UFH

  8. Steroid side effects post-op:

    • Hyperglycemia(增 insulin)
    • Wound healing 慢(aware)
    • Infection 風險 ↑(surveillance)

Key teaching: - Stress dose 不是只「術中一針」而是 prolonged taper × days - 過去多年 chronic steroid 不可突然停 → Addisonian crisis - 配合 endocrine consult 是 best practice

493.1.0.8.3 Case 3:50 歲女 GLP-1 on semaglutide weekly + 預定 colonoscopy

病史:50 歲女,BMI 35、T2DM × 8 yr、目前 metformin 1000 mg BID + semaglutide 1 mg SC weekly(每週 Tuesday)。HbA1c 7.2%。預定 elective colonoscopy 下週 Tuesday(注射日)+ 隔天 Wednesday 麻醉做 ESD(內視鏡黏膜下剝離術)of 2 cm sigmoid polyp。

Pre-op assessment

  1. GLP-1 RA hold timing(ASA 2023 guideline)
    • Weekly GLP-1(semaglutide、dulaglutide、tirzepatide)Hold ≥ 1 wk pre-procedure(some 建議 2 wk)
    • Daily GLP-1(liraglutide、exenatide BID、lixisenatide):hold day of
    • Mechanism:GLP-1 delay gastric emptying → 即使 NPO 8 h 仍 retained gastric content → aspiration risk
    • 多 case reports of aspiration despite proper NPO
  2. 本案
    • Tuesday 是 weekly injection day 卻 procedure day → 建議 skip this week’s injection
    • 上一次 injection 應 ≥ 7-14 d 前
    • 與 patient 討論 + endocrine 確認
  3. Pre-procedure GI workup:
    • Consider 拍 abdominal US / 視診評估 gastric residual(若 high risk)
    • Endoscopist 可在 sedation 後先檢查 stomach residue;若大量 → 中止 procedure
  4. Glucose control:
    • Hold semaglutide 自己會 reduce glucose-lowering effect
    • Metformin continue(colonoscopy 不需 contrast、無 lactic acidosis 顧慮)
    • SMBG more frequent
  5. NPO:
    • Standard clear liquid 2 h、light meal 6 h
    • 若 GLP-1 has been held 1 wk + clear liquid only morning of:相對 lower aspiration risk
    • 若 GLP-1 not held:考慮 24 h clear liquid only NPO + ASA reasoning
  6. Bowel prep:standard colonoscopy prep
  7. Sedation:建議 RSI(rapid sequence induction)or full general anesthesia + ETT if 高 aspiration risk;常規 propofol + airway protection

Discussion with patient: - 「semaglutide 會讓胃排空慢,麻醉時可能有食物逆流嗆到肺裡,所以建議您這週 Tuesday 那一針不要打,等手術後恢復進食再打」 - 患者顧慮血糖:metformin 維持 + SMBG;單週停 weekly GLP-1 對 A1c 影響小

Key teaching: - ASA 2023 guideline 是新的 standard of care - Aspiration 已有 multiple case reports + 死亡個案 - Endocrine + anesthesia 跨團隊 protocol - Future 多 hospital developing「GLP-1 hold checklist」


493.1.0.9 ⚠️ 易犯錯誤

  • Pre-op「clearance」當作放行而非 risk assessment
  • RCRI 計算錯誤(high-risk surgery 定義模糊、Cr 用 1.5 而非 2.0)
  • METs 估算過度樂觀(病人說 “I’m fine” 但實際 < 4)
  • Stress test 因為「習慣」而做,不問 will it change management
  • ACEi / ARB 沒 hold morning → 術中 hypotension
  • β-blocker 新開 day-of(POISE:MI ↓ 但 stroke + death ↑)
  • SGLT2i 沒 hold 3-4 d → euglycemic DKA 術中或術後(即使 glucose 看起來正常!)
  • GLP-1 RA 沒 hold ≥ 1 wk → aspiration(2023 後新 standard)
  • Chronic steroid > 5 mg/d 沒 stress dose → Addisonian crisis
  • Pheochromocytoma 沒 α-block 就 β-block → unopposed α crisis
  • Hyperthyroid uncontrolled → thyroid storm intra-op
  • Anticoag bridging 不必要(多數低風險 AF 不需 bridge → BRIDGE trial)
  • DOAC bridge with LMWH → 無 benefit + bleeding ↑
  • IE prophylaxis 給 MV prolapse、bicuspid AV(已 deprecated)
  • Aortic stenosis severe asymptomatic 一律拒手術(過度悲觀)

493.1.0.10 🔁 速記

  • RCRI 6 因子:high-risk surgery、IHD、CHF、CVD、insulin DM、Cr > 2
  • METs ≥ 4 = 良好(爬 1-2 層樓)
  • ACS → 治 ACS、Emergency → 開
  • β-blocker continue 慢 chronic;不 day-of 新開
  • Statin continue + 新開(vascular)
  • ACEi / ARB hold morning of
  • SGLT2i hold 3-4 d(euglycemic DKA)
  • GLP-1 hold ≥ 1 wk(aspiration, ASA 2023)
  • Metformin hold day of (傳統) / continue if renal OK + no contrast (新)
  • Chronic prednisone > 5 mg/d ≥ 3 wk → stress dose hydrocortisone
  • Pheochromocytoma α-block 14 d → β-block
  • Anticoag bridge 限 high thromboembolic risk(mechanical valve, recent VTE)
  • NPO clear 2 h、light 6 h、heavy 8 h
  • VTE prophylaxis:LMWH or DOAC + pneumatic compression
  • DAPT post-stent delay:BMS 1 mo、DES 6 mo、ACS 12 mo
  • IE prophylaxis only for high-risk valve + dental gingival

⚠️ AI 草稿,臨床應以最新指引為準。