134 Ch 134. Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues (SSTI)

皮膚軟組織感染 (SSTI) 的核心心法是「先判斷深度,再決定治療強度 — 從表淺的 impetigo / erysipelas 到致命的 necrotizing fasciitis,每個層次的病原、治療、急迫性都不同。層次分類 (由淺至深)(1) Epidermis = impetigo (honey-colored crust, 兒童, GAS 或 S. aureus, topical mupirocin 2%); (2) Superficial dermis + lymphatics = erysipelas (sharply demarcated 邊界清楚 + 鮮紅 + 隆起, GAS 為主, PO penicillin/cephalexin × 5-10 d); (3) Deep dermis + subcutaneous = cellulitis (poorly demarcated 邊界模糊, GAS 或 S. aureus); (4) Fascia + subcutaneous fat = necrotizing fasciitis (NF) 致命急症; (5) Muscle = pyomyositis (熱帶區 + 免疫低下) 與 gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens trauma 後)。病原譜Gram + S. aureus (MSSA / MRSA) + S. pyogenes (GAS) 為主流;Gram - Pseudomonas (hot tub folliculitis) + Vibrio vulnificus (海水 + 肝病 + 血色素沉著症, 高 mortality, 沿海台灣夏季要警覺);Anaerobes / mixed 多在 necrotizing、perineum、post-op 感染。MRSA prevalence 在 community 持續上升 (區域 5-30%),empirical 選擇必須依 local antibiogram。Cellulitis 治療Mild + 無 MRSA riskCephalexin 500 mg QID 或 Dicloxacillin × 5-7 d; MRSA risk (recurrent SSTI、IVDU、healthcare exposure) → TMP-SMX 1-2 DS BID 或 Doxycycline 100 mg BID 或 Clindamycin; 住院IV Cefazolin (MSSA) 或 Vancomycin (MRSA) 或 Linezolid; Severe / sepsis → 加 Pip-tazo / Cefepime + Clindamycin if NF suspected。Duration: uncomplicated 5-7 天 (rapid response 可縮短), 中重度 10-14 天。Abscess 治療I&D (incision + drainage) = MAINSTAY, 抗生素只在 (1) lesion > 2 cm、(2) 多發、(3) 周邊 cellulitis、(4) 免疫低下、(5) I&D 失敗、(6) high-risk anatomic (臉、手、會陰)、(7) systemic signs 時才加;首選 TMP-SMX 或 Doxycycline (cover MRSA)。Necrotizing fasciitis 致命急症早期最可靠線索 = pain 不成比例於 skin findings (skin 還沒壞死前的劇痛);後期 = skin necrosis、hemorrhagic bullae、crepitus、“dishwater” pus、septic shock;LRINEC score (CRP、WBC、Hb、Na、Cr、glucose) ≥ 6 = high riskNF 分型Type I polymicrobial (DM、post-op、會陰 = Fournier’s gangrene, mixed aerobic + anaerobic); Type II monomicrobial (健康成人、四肢, GAS (S. pyogenes) ± S. aureus); Type III = Vibrio vulnificus (海水暴露、生海鮮、慢性肝病); Type IV = Clostridial gas gangrene (trauma、surgery, C. perfringens)。NF 治療緊急 OR debridement 6 小時內必須 + Empirical = Vancomycin + Pip-tazo + Clindamycin (clindamycin 抑制 toxin production, Eagle effect, 必加); Vibrio 加 Doxycycline + Ceftriaxone; Clostridium 改 High-dose Penicillin G + Clindamycin; Repeat debridement q24-48 h until margins clean; IVIG 考慮用於 streptococcal TSS (IDSA 2014 allow); Mortality 20-40% even with treatment特殊情境IVDU SSTI — S. aureus (含 MRSA) > 50%,可 polymicrobial,必須 blood culture + echo (rule out IE) + HIV/HBV/HCV screening;DM 足部感染 — mild PO + offloading + glycemic control,中重度 IV pip-tazo (cover Pseudomonas + anaerobes) ± vanco (MRSA),severe with osteomyelitis (probe-to-bone test) 用 MRI 確認 + debridement + 6 週 IV;Mammalian bite — 貓咬 (Pasteurella multocida) / 人咬 (Eikenella corrodens) 首選 amoxicillin-clavulanate, 加評估 tetanus + rabies prophylaxis。Recurrent SSTI 處理MRSA decolonization — 鼻內 mupirocin 2% × 5 天 + chlorhexidine body wash 5-10 天, 家庭成員同步 decolonize 較有效, 加強衛生 + 不共用毛巾刮鬍刀。22e 新藥Linezolid (PO bioavailability 100%, vancomycin alternative)、Tedizolid (once daily, fewer toxicities)、Omadacycline / Lefamulin (novel agents for MRSA)、Dalbavancin / Oritavancin (long-acting glycopeptide 單劑 IV, outpatient SSTI 改變治療模式)。台灣 contextVibrio vulnificus 在沿海 + 夏季 + 肝病人 (cirrhosis、hemochromatosis) 是高 mortality 需警覺,海水/海鮮接觸 + cellulitis 急速 worsening → 立刻 Vibrio empirical (doxy + ceftri + debride); 健保 vancomycin / linezolid / daptomycin 受限需 ID consult。