19.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)
M6 / PGY 國考衝刺。Cervical myelopathy + radiculopathy + 創傷評估必考。
19.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)
19.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 10 條
- Cervical myelopathy = 手變笨 + 步不穩 + Lhermitte + UMN legs + LMN arms
- Cervical radiculopathy:dermatome + myotome + Spurling test
- C5 = 肩、C6 = 拇食、C7 = 中、C8 = 小
- NEXUS 5 criteria for C-spine clearance(不需影像 if 全符合)
- Canadian C-spine Rule 替代 NEXUS
- VAD:推拿後 / 頸部運動後 + Horner + Wallenberg
- RA 病人 C1-C2 instability:麻醉前 flexion-extension film 必做
- Whiplash:早期 active mobilization > collar
- Lhermitte sign:屈頸電擊放射 → cord pathology
- 老人跌倒 + 頸痛 = odontoid fracture rule out
19.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要
19.2.0.2.1 Cervical Anatomy
| Root | 感覺 | 力量 | Reflex |
|---|---|---|---|
| C5 | 肩 lateral | Deltoid (abduction) | Biceps |
| C6 | 拇指 + 食指 | Biceps, wrist extension | Brachioradialis |
| C7 | 中指 | Triceps, wrist flexion | Triceps |
| C8 | 小指 | Finger flexors | 無 |
| T1 | Inner arm | Hand intrinsic | 無 |
Disc-Root: C5-C6 disc → C6 root;C6-C7 disc → C7 root;C7-T1 disc → C8 root
19.2.0.2.2 Cervical Myelopathy(必考)
- UMN signs in legs(hyperreflexia, Babinski, clonus, spasticity)
- LMN signs in arms(at compression level)
- Hand clumsiness(扣鈕扣、寫字)
- Gait disturbance(wide-based, ataxic)
- Bladder dysfunction(晚期)
- Lhermitte sign:屈頸電擊感放射
→ MRI 確診,Surgical decompression + fusion
19.2.0.2.3 Cervical Radiculopathy
- Dermatomal sensory loss
- Myotomal weakness
- Hyporeflexia at involved level
- Spurling test +(頸側彎 + 同側下壓 → root pain)
- Shoulder abduction relief sign:手放頭頂 → 緩解 = +
→ MRI;多 conservative;refractory → epidural steroid / surgery
19.2.0.2.4 NEXUS Criteria(C-spine Clearance — 全符合則不需影像)
- No midline cervical tenderness
- No intoxication
- Normal alertness
- No focal neuro deficit
- No painful distracting injury
→ 全 5 條 + → 不需 C-spine imaging
19.2.0.2.5 Canadian C-spine Rule(替代)
- High-risk factors(age ≥ 65, dangerous mechanism, paresthesia)
- Low-risk factors allowing safe ROM assess(simple rear-end MVC, sitting in ED, ambulatory, delayed onset, no midline tenderness)
- Active 45° rotation possible
19.2.0.2.6 Vertebral Artery Dissection (VAD)
- 誘因:頸部 manipulation, MVA, sports
- Connective tissue disease(Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos, FMD)
- 症狀:
- 後頸痛 + occipital pain
- Horner syndrome(partial — sympathetic plexus 被影響)
- Wallenberg syndrome(lateral medullary, ipsilateral cranial nerve + ataxia + contralateral spinothalamic loss)
- Diagnosis:MRA / CTA neck
- Treatment:antiplatelet(aspirin)or anticoagulation 3-6 個月
19.2.0.2.7 RA Cervical Spine
- 25% RA 病人 → C1-C2 instability(atlantoaxial subluxation)
- 機轉:transverse ligament 鬆弛 + odontoid erosion
- 風險:cord compression, sudden death(intubation 時)
- 麻醉前 flexion-extension X-ray 必做
- ADI > 3 mm(atlanto-dental interval)= unstable
19.2.0.2.8 Cervical Spondylosis
- 老化 disc + facet + ligamentum flavum
- 多 mechanical pain
- 部分 → radiculopathy or myelopathy
- 多保守 management
19.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照
19.2.0.3.1 Myelopathy vs Radiculopathy
| Myelopathy | Radiculopathy | |
|---|---|---|
| 部位 | Cord | Nerve root |
| Distribution | Diffuse | Dermatomal |
| 上 vs 下 | 雙側、含下肢 | 單側、上肢 |
| Reflex | UMN(亢進)legs | LMN(減弱)at level |
| Babinski | + | − |
| Bladder | + 晚期 | − |
| Imaging | MRI cord 變化 | MRI root impingement |
19.2.0.4 📝 過去考題類型
19.2.0.4.1 必考
- Cervical myelopathy 三聯
- Dermatome / myotome / reflex 對應
- NEXUS / Canadian C-spine Rule
- VAD(推拿後 + Horner + Wallenberg)
- RA C1-C2 instability + 麻醉前評估
- Spurling test
- Lhermitte sign
19.2.0.5 🎯 自我檢測
Q:Cervical myelopathy 三聯? A:手變笨 + 步不穩 + Lhermitte + UMN legs
Q:C7 root 對應 reflex + 感覺? A:Triceps reflex + 中指
Q:NEXUS 5 條 criteria? A:No midline tenderness / no intoxication / alert / no focal deficit / no distracting injury
Q:VAD 典型 syndrome? A:Wallenberg(lateral medullary)+ Horner ipsilateral
Q:RA 病人麻醉前 cervical 必查? A:Flexion-extension X-ray(rule out C1-C2 instability)
Q:Spurling test +ve 表示? A:Cervical radiculopathy
Q:Lhermitte sign? A:屈頸時電擊感放射到背 / 四肢,提示 cervical cord pathology
Q:C8 在哪兩個 vertebral body 之間出? A:C7-T1(即 C8 在 T1 上方)
Q:Whiplash 早期治療關鍵? A:Active mobilization > collar
Q:老人跌倒 + 頸痛 + 雙手麻 → 想? A:Odontoid (C2) fracture
19.2.0.6 📚 想深入請看
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 19 medstudent.md
- 內專進階 → Ch 19 specialist.md
- 下背痛 → Ch 18
- Stroke → Ch 439
- RA → Ch 366
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 19
⚠️ AI 草稿,未經盧醫師驗證。