19.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)

M6 / PGY 國考衝刺。Cervical myelopathy + radiculopathy + 創傷評估必考。


19.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)

19.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 10 條
  1. Cervical myelopathy = 手變笨 + 步不穩 + Lhermitte + UMN legs + LMN arms
  2. Cervical radiculopathy:dermatome + myotome + Spurling test
  3. C5 = 肩、C6 = 拇食、C7 = 中、C8 = 小
  4. NEXUS 5 criteria for C-spine clearance(不需影像 if 全符合)
  5. Canadian C-spine Rule 替代 NEXUS
  6. VAD:推拿後 / 頸部運動後 + Horner + Wallenberg
  7. RA 病人 C1-C2 instability:麻醉前 flexion-extension film 必做
  8. Whiplash:早期 active mobilization > collar
  9. Lhermitte sign:屈頸電擊放射 → cord pathology
  10. 老人跌倒 + 頸痛 = odontoid fracture rule out
19.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
項目 數字
Cervical 椎 / nerve roots 7 / 8
C8 在 T1 上 YES
Lifetime prevalence ~50%
年發生率 ~15%
Mechanical pain self-limited 4-6 週
Cord compression urgency 立即手術
RA C1-C2 instability prevalence ~25% RA 病人
19.2.0.1.3 ⚠️ 易錯陷阱
  • 老人頸痛當肌肉痛 → odontoid fracture 漏
  • Myelopathy 當老化 → cord 永久損傷
  • VAD 當 tension headache → posterior circulation stroke
  • RA 病人麻醉前不查 C-spine
  • Routine MRI for acute neck pain
  • 推測 LMN signs for cord = 不對(cord 壓迫 = UMN below;LMN at level)

19.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要

19.2.0.2.1 Cervical Anatomy
Root 感覺 力量 Reflex
C5 肩 lateral Deltoid (abduction) Biceps
C6 拇指 + 食指 Biceps, wrist extension Brachioradialis
C7 中指 Triceps, wrist flexion Triceps
C8 小指 Finger flexors
T1 Inner arm Hand intrinsic

Disc-Root: C5-C6 disc → C6 root;C6-C7 disc → C7 root;C7-T1 disc → C8 root

19.2.0.2.2 Cervical Myelopathy(必考
  • UMN signs in legs(hyperreflexia, Babinski, clonus, spasticity)
  • LMN signs in arms(at compression level)
  • Hand clumsiness(扣鈕扣、寫字)
  • Gait disturbance(wide-based, ataxic)
  • Bladder dysfunction(晚期)
  • Lhermitte sign:屈頸電擊感放射

MRI 確診,Surgical decompression + fusion

19.2.0.2.3 Cervical Radiculopathy
  • Dermatomal sensory loss
  • Myotomal weakness
  • Hyporeflexia at involved level
  • Spurling test +(頸側彎 + 同側下壓 → root pain)
  • Shoulder abduction relief sign:手放頭頂 → 緩解 = +

→ MRI;多 conservative;refractory → epidural steroid / surgery

19.2.0.2.4 NEXUS Criteria(C-spine Clearance — 全符合則不需影像)
  1. No midline cervical tenderness
  2. No intoxication
  3. Normal alertness
  4. No focal neuro deficit
  5. No painful distracting injury

全 5 條 + → 不需 C-spine imaging

19.2.0.2.5 Canadian C-spine Rule(替代)
  • High-risk factors(age ≥ 65, dangerous mechanism, paresthesia)
  • Low-risk factors allowing safe ROM assess(simple rear-end MVC, sitting in ED, ambulatory, delayed onset, no midline tenderness)
  • Active 45° rotation possible
19.2.0.2.6 Vertebral Artery Dissection (VAD)
  • 誘因:頸部 manipulation, MVA, sports
  • Connective tissue disease(Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos, FMD)
  • 症狀
    • 後頸痛 + occipital pain
    • Horner syndrome(partial — sympathetic plexus 被影響)
    • Wallenberg syndrome(lateral medullary, ipsilateral cranial nerve + ataxia + contralateral spinothalamic loss)
  • DiagnosisMRA / CTA neck
  • Treatment:antiplatelet(aspirin)or anticoagulation 3-6 個月
19.2.0.2.7 RA Cervical Spine
  • 25% RA 病人 → C1-C2 instability(atlantoaxial subluxation)
  • 機轉:transverse ligament 鬆弛 + odontoid erosion
  • 風險:cord compression, sudden death(intubation 時)
  • 麻醉前 flexion-extension X-ray 必做
  • ADI > 3 mm(atlanto-dental interval)= unstable
19.2.0.2.8 Cervical Spondylosis
  • 老化 disc + facet + ligamentum flavum
  • 多 mechanical pain
  • 部分 → radiculopathy or myelopathy
  • 多保守 management
19.2.0.2.9 Whiplash
  • 後撞 MVA 最常
  • Acute 4-12 週 self-limited
  • 部分 chronic
  • 早期 active mobilization > collar
  • NSAID + PT
19.2.0.2.10 Tumor / Infection / Trauma — 同 LBP red flags
19.2.0.2.11 Cord Compression Imaging
  • MRI without contrast first choice
  • CT myelography if MRI 禁忌

19.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照

19.2.0.3.1 Myelopathy vs Radiculopathy
Myelopathy Radiculopathy
部位 Cord Nerve root
Distribution Diffuse Dermatomal
上 vs 下 雙側、含下肢 單側、上肢
Reflex UMN(亢進)legs LMN(減弱)at level
Babinski +
Bladder + 晚期
Imaging MRI cord 變化 MRI root impingement
19.2.0.3.2 Cervical Pain Mechanical vs Inflammatory
  • Mechanical: 活動加劇、休息好
  • Inflammatory: 休息加劇、活動好(少見、AS, polymyalgia rheumatica)
19.2.0.3.3 Whiplash vs Cervical Strain
  • Whiplash: 後撞、快速減速
  • Strain: 不良姿勢 / 抬重 / 突然動作

19.2.0.4 📝 過去考題類型

19.2.0.4.1 必考
  • Cervical myelopathy 三聯
  • Dermatome / myotome / reflex 對應
  • NEXUS / Canadian C-spine Rule
  • VAD(推拿後 + Horner + Wallenberg)
  • RA C1-C2 instability + 麻醉前評估
  • Spurling test
  • Lhermitte sign
19.2.0.4.2 OSCE
  • Neck pain history(red flags)
  • Cervical neuro exam
  • Spurling test
  • C-spine ROM evaluation
19.2.0.4.3 陷阱題
  • Routine MRI for acute neck pain(錯)
  • Old man fall neck pain treat as strain
  • VAD only after major trauma(錯,輕微也會)

19.2.0.5 🎯 自我檢測

  1. Q:Cervical myelopathy 三聯? A:手變笨 + 步不穩 + Lhermitte + UMN legs

  2. Q:C7 root 對應 reflex + 感覺? ATriceps reflex + 中指

  3. Q:NEXUS 5 條 criteria? A:No midline tenderness / no intoxication / alert / no focal deficit / no distracting injury

  4. Q:VAD 典型 syndrome? A:Wallenberg(lateral medullary)+ Horner ipsilateral

  5. Q:RA 病人麻醉前 cervical 必查? AFlexion-extension X-ray(rule out C1-C2 instability)

  6. Q:Spurling test +ve 表示? A:Cervical radiculopathy

  7. Q:Lhermitte sign? A:屈頸時電擊感放射到背 / 四肢,提示 cervical cord pathology

  8. Q:C8 在哪兩個 vertebral body 之間出? A:C7-T1(即 C8 在 T1 上方)

  9. Q:Whiplash 早期治療關鍵? AActive mobilization > collar

  10. Q:老人跌倒 + 頸痛 + 雙手麻 → 想? AOdontoid (C2) fracture


19.2.0.6 📚 想深入請看


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