18.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。最新指引、特殊族群、台灣健保情境。
18.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理
- 80% lifetime prevalence、全球最大失能原因
- 22E 強調:less imaging, more reassurance(避免 incidental finding 過治)
- 慢性 LBP biopsychosocial:身、心、社會三軸
- CGRP / 新興 disc therapy 仍 emerging
- Taiwan:健保給付限制、PT 給付、復健次數限制
18.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異
| 項目 | 21E | 22E |
|---|---|---|
| Imaging recommendations | 提 | 強化「less is more」 |
| Cauda equina time-to-decompression | 提 | 強化 < 24-48h |
| Chronic LBP biopsychosocial | 提 | 詳述 |
| Cannabinoid for LBP | 略 | 提(modest evidence) |
| Spinal cord stimulator | 提 | 強化 indications |
| Opioid for chronic LBP | 較開放 | 更謹慎 |
18.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉
18.3.0.3.1 Disc 病理生理
- Aging: nucleus pulposus dehydration → annulus 脆弱化
- Acute: 突然增壓(抬重物、扭轉)→ annulus 撕裂 → 內容物突出
- Chronic: 持續 microtrauma + 退化
18.3.0.3.2 神經根受壓機轉
- Mechanical compression:直接壓
- Chemical irritation:phospholipase A2、TNF-α、IL-1
- Vascular:venous congestion → ischemia
- 解釋「MRI 看到 disc 突出但無症狀」很常見(incidental)
18.3.0.4 💊 進階治療
18.3.0.4.1 NICE / ACP 指引重點
- First-line:non-pharm(exercise, manipulation, acupuncture, mindfulness, CBT)
- Pharm First-line: NSAID > acetaminophen
- Pharm Second-line: muscle relaxant short-term, tramadol, duloxetine
- Avoid: routine opioid, systemic steroid for non-radicular LBP
18.3.0.4.2 Radicular Pain (Sciatica) 階梯
- NSAID + acetaminophen
- Gabapentin / pregabalin(neuropathic component)
- Epidural steroid injection for refractory
- Surgical decompression for failure / progressive deficit / cauda equina
18.3.0.4.3 Spinal Stenosis Treatment
- Conservative: PT, NSAID, gabapentin / pregabalin, postural strategies
- Epidural steroid:modest evidence
- Laminectomy / decompression:refractory
- Spinal cord stimulator:post-laminectomy syndrome
18.3.0.4.4 Vertebral Compression Fracture
- Conservative:止痛 + brace + early mobilization + osteoporosis 治療
- Vertebroplasty:refractory pain(爭議性)
- Kyphoplasty:類似 + 矯正畸形
18.3.0.4.5 Spine Metastasis
- Steroid:dexamethasone 10 mg IV bolus + 4 mg q6h
- RT:8 Gy single fraction or 30 Gy/10 fractions
- Surgical decompression:選擇性病例(life expectancy > 3 月、ambulatory before procedure)
- Bisphosphonate / denosumab
- Systemic therapy:依原發
18.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (10 條)
- 「Less is more」:< 6 週無 red flags 不要 MRI
- MRI incidental disc bulge 很常見 → 不一定症狀對應
- Cauda equina 抓得越早越好 — DRE 不能省
- Cancer + LBP 一定查 spine mets
- IVDU + 發燒 + LBP = epidural abscess until proven otherwise
- Bed rest > 2 天有害
- Chronic LBP biopsychosocial:身體治療不夠,加 CBT、reduce fear-avoidance
- Avoid long-term opioid
- Vertebroplasty 爭議:部分 RCT 顯示 placebo-controlled 無差異,但 selective use 有效
- AS 用 TNF-α 失敗 → IL-17 / JAK
18.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境
18.3.0.6.1 1. 妊娠 LBP
- 50-70% 孕婦發生
- 多 mechanical(gravid uterus、relaxin)
- 治療:acetaminophen, PT, support
- Avoid NSAID(3rd trimester), steroid
18.3.0.6.2 2. Cancer pt LBP
- Spine mets, RT-induced, paraneoplastic
- MRI low threshold
- 急性神經學變化 = oncologic emergency
18.3.0.6.3 3. Post-surgery LBP(Failed Back Surgery Syndrome)
- 持續 LBP > 6 個月 post-spine surgery
- 病因複雜:epidural fibrosis, recurrent disc, instability, central sensitization
- Treatment: PT, gabapentin, spinal cord stimulator
18.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context
18.3.0.7.1 健保給付
- MRI lumbar:limited indication(red flags、保守失敗)
- Epidural steroid:健保給付
- Vertebroplasty / kyphoplasty:條件給付
- TNF-α inhibitor for AS:BSRBR-like database 限制 + 風濕專科申請
- PT 復健:每年限制次數
18.3.0.7.2 台灣流行病學
- LBP lifetime prevalence ~80%
- Chronic LBP prevalence ~15-20%
- 健保 LBP 直接醫療支出每年數十億
- AS 盛行率 ~0.4%(HLA-B27+ 較低 vs 北歐)
18.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區
- Cauda equina 觀察 12 hr:永久損傷
- Acute LBP routine MRI:incidental finding 過治
- Bed rest > 2 天:恢復慢
- 慢性 LBP 給長期 opioid:addiction + MOH-like
- Cancer pt LBP 不查 mets
- IVDU LBP 不查 abscess
- AS 不轉風濕:延誤生物製劑
- AS 給 systemic steroid 期望好:無效
- Pregnancy LBP 給 NSAID 3rd trimester
- Vertebroplasty 用 osteoporotic fracture 無 selection
18.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測
18.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀
- ACP / AAFP LBP Guideline — 2017 (still relevant)
- NICE LBP and Sciatica Guideline (NG59)
- North American Spine Society Clinical Guidelines
- ASAS-EULAR Spondyloarthritis Recommendations — 2022 update
- Taiwan 復健醫學會 LBP 指引
18.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 18 medstudent.md
- 國考衝刺 → Ch 18 board-prep.md
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 18
⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。