268 Ch 267. Heart Failure — Pathophysiology + Diagnosis

64M+ globally; 1-2% adults; HFrEF / HFmrEF / HFpEF + acute decompensated HF (ADHF); BNP / NT-proBNP + echo (EF + diastolic); 2022 universal HF definition (Lancet); 2023 ACC/AHA + 2024 ESC HF guidelines updated; pathophysiology — neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, cellular dysfunction。