18.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)

M6 / PGY 國考衝刺。Red flags + 神經學定位是必考核心。


18.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)

18.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 10 條
  1. 80% lifetime prevalence,多 4-6 週 self-limited
  2. 97% mechanical,< 1% 嚴重 secondary
  3. Cauda equina = surgical emergency within 24-48h
  4. Red Flags = TUNA-FISH
  5. Acute LBP < 6 週無 red flags → 不 routine MRI
  6. Sciatica + SLR + 提示 disc herniation
  7. L5-S1 最常 discfoot drop = L5Achilles reflex = S1
  8. Neurogenic claudication 前彎好 vs vascular 不分姿勢
  9. AS(ankylosing spondylitis)= < 40 + 晨僵 + 活動好
  10. Bed rest > 2 天 = 過時
18.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
項目 數字
Lifetime prevalence 80%
Self-limited 4-6 週
Cauda equina decompression < 24-48 hr
MRI threshold red flags or > 6 週
AS 發病年齡 < 40 歲
Inflammatory back pain morning stiffness > 30 min
Spinal stenosis age 多 > 60
L5 root 大拇趾 + foot drop
S1 root 小趾 + Achilles
L4 root 大腿前 + patellar
Spinal epidural abscess classic triad 發燒 + LBP + neuro deficit
18.2.0.1.3 ⚠️ 易錯陷阱
  • Acute LBP routine MRI(
  • Bed rest 治療 LBP(過時
  • Cauda equina 等 12 hr 觀察(,立刻 MRI)
  • Vascular claudication 前彎緩解(,無 postural 變化)
  • 老人 LBP 直接 X-ray(X-ray 敏感性差 metastasis

18.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要

18.2.0.2.1 Red Flags(TUNA-FISH 必背)
意思 對應病
T Trauma Fracture
U Unexplained weight loss Malignancy
N Neurologic progressive Cauda equina, cord compression
A Age > 50 / IVDU Cancer / infection
F Fever Infection
I Immunosuppression Infection
S Steroid use Fracture / infection
H History of cancer Spine mets
18.2.0.2.2 三大病因類別
類別 % 例子
Mechanical 97% Strain, disc, stenosis, spondylolisthesis, fracture
Non-mechanical spine < 1% Tumor, infection, AS, Paget’s
Visceral referred ~2% AAA, pancreatitis, kidney stone, PID, prostatitis
18.2.0.2.3 Cauda Equina Syndrome(必考)

三聯: - Saddle anesthesia - Urinary retention / incontinence - Bilateral leg weakness(progressive) - + fecal incontinence - + anal sphincter tone ↓

→ MRI emergent + neurosurgery decompression < 24-48 hr

18.2.0.2.4 Spine Metastasis(5 大原發)

「BLT-KP」: - Breast - Lung - Thyroid - Kidney(renal cell ca) - Prostate - + myeloma

18.2.0.2.5 Spinal Epidural Abscess
  • Risk: IVDU, recent spine surgery, DM, immunosuppressed
  • Classic triad:fever + LBP + neuro deficit(多數三項不齊)
  • Pathogen: S. aureus 最多(MRSA 比例 ↑);TB(Pott’s);Brucella
  • ESR/CRP ↑、blood culture
  • MRI with contrast
  • IV antibiotic 6-8 週 + 必要時 surgical drainage
18.2.0.2.6 Disc Herniation 神經根對應
Disc Root 感覺 力量 Reflex
L3-L4 L4 大腿前 + 膝 Quadriceps Patellar ↓
L4-L5 L5 大拇趾 + 脛前 Tibialis ant(foot drop)
L5-S1 S1 小趾 + 後小腿 Gastrocnemius Achilles ↓
18.2.0.2.7 SLR 與 Crossed SLR
  • SLR:仰臥抬直腿 30-70° 引 radicular pain → +
  • Crossed SLR:抬對側健腿引同側痛 → high specificity for disc
18.2.0.2.8 Spinal Stenosis vs Vascular Claudication
Spinal Vascular
加劇 站立 / 伸展 運動
緩解 前彎 / 坐(“shopping cart sign”) 站立
騎腳踏車 不痛(前彎)
Pulse + 減弱
病因 椎管狹窄 PAD
18.2.0.2.9 Ankylosing Spondylitis Inflammatory Back Pain
  • < 40 歲發病
  • 隱匿起始
  • 3 個月

  • 晨僵 > 30 min
  • 活動後改善 / 休息加劇
  • HLA-B27 +
  • Sacroiliitis on X-ray / MRI
  • TNF-α inhibitor for refractory
18.2.0.2.10 Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fracture
  • 多 osteoporotic(老女)or steroid-induced
  • 突發局部痛
  • Vertebroplasty / kyphoplasty for refractory
18.2.0.2.11 LBP 影像 indication
情境 影像
Acute < 6 週 + 無 red flags 不做
Red flags 之一 MRI
疑骨折 X-ray first → MRI 看 acute / cord
疑 cauda equina Emergent MRI
持續 > 6 週 + 保守失敗 MRI

18.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照

18.2.0.3.1 Cauda Equina vs Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Cauda equina Conus
部位 L1 以下 nerve roots T12-L1 spinal cord 末端
起始 漸進 突發
對稱 不對稱(按 root) 對稱
Pain 劇烈 radicular 較弱
Saddle anesthesia + +
LMN signs + 混合(spasticity 也有)
處置 Decompression < 48h Decompression < 48h
18.2.0.3.2 Mechanical vs Inflammatory LBP
Mechanical Inflammatory
起始 突發 隱匿
加劇 活動 休息
緩解 休息 活動
晨僵 < 30 min > 30 min
年齡 < 40
Night pain 早醒第二段睡眠
18.2.0.3.3 Sciatica 病因
  • Disc herniation 最常
  • Spinal stenosis(常雙側)
  • Piriformis syndrome
  • Tumor、infection、abscess

18.2.0.4 📝 過去考題類型

18.2.0.4.1 必考
  • Red flags(TUNA-FISH)
  • Cauda equina 三聯 + 處置
  • L4 / L5 / S1 dermatome + reflex
  • SLR + crossed SLR
  • Spinal stenosis vs vascular claudication
  • AS 5 條 inflammatory criteria
  • Acute LBP < 6 週不 routine MRI
  • Spine mets 5 大原發
18.2.0.4.2 OSCE
  • Back pain history(red flags)
  • Neuro exam(dermatome + myotome + reflex)
  • DRE(cauda equina 必)
  • SLR demonstration
18.2.0.4.3 陷阱題
  • Routine MRI for LBP
  • Bed rest as therapy
  • Vascular claudication postural

18.2.0.5 🎯 自我檢測

  1. Q:Cauda equina 三聯? A:Saddle anesthesia + 尿潴留/失禁 + bilateral leg weakness(+ anal sphincter ↓)

  2. Q:L5 神經根受損會 weak 哪個動作? A:Tibialis anterior weakness → foot drop

  3. Q:Achilles reflex 對應 root?Disc level? A:S1;L5-S1 disc herniation

  4. Q:Spinal stenosis 病人哪個姿勢緩解? A前彎 / 坐 / 騎腳踏車

  5. Q:AS inflammatory back pain 5 features? A:< 40 / 隱匿 / > 3 個月 / 晨僵 > 30 min / 活動好

  6. Q:Spine mets 5 大原發? A:Breast / Lung / Thyroid / Kidney / Prostate(+ myeloma)

  7. Q:Spinal epidural abscess 最常病原? AS. aureus

  8. Q:Acute LBP 何時 MRI? A:Red flags 之一 or > 6 週保守失敗

  9. Q:Cauda equina 多久內手術? A:< 24-48 hr

  10. Q:Foot drop 神經根? A:L5


18.2.0.6 📚 想深入請看


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