257 Ch 256. Approach to Cardiovascular Disease

CVD = leading global cause of death (~ 18 million deaths/yr); major epidemiologic shift to LMICs; 4 大 functional categories (failure, ischemia, rhythm, structural); biomarkers (hs-cTn, BNP/NT-proBNP) revolutionized diagnostics; 2024 CKM syndrome new framework (cardiac + kidney + metabolic); risk stratification + prevention paradigm shift。