429.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)


429.2.0.1 📌 Cram Sheet

429.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 15
  1. Heme biosynthesis 8 enzymes:ALAS → ALAD → HMBS → UROS → UROD → CPOX → PPOX → FECH
  2. AIP enzyme:HMBS(HMB-synthase / PBG-deaminase);AD
  3. AIP 5P:Pain、Polyneuropathy、Psychiatric、Port-wine urine、(no Photosensitivity)
  4. AIP diagnosis:spot urine PBG ↑↑↑(不需 24h collection)
  5. AIP triggers:barbiturate、sulfonamide、OCP、alcohol、valproate、rifampin、starvation、menses、infection
  6. AIP treatment:IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d + IV glucose + 移除 trigger
  7. Givosiran(22E new):siRNA targeting ALAS1,q4 wk SC,for recurrent AIP/HCP/VP
  8. PCT enzyme:UROD(uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase)
  9. PCT triggers:alcohol、estrogen、HCV、HFE、iron、smoking
  10. PCT treatment:phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine(不可 standard dose!)+ treat HCV
  11. EPP enzyme:Ferrochelatase(FECH),AR
  12. EPP feature:immediate painful burning, non-blistering, RBC free PROTO ↑
  13. EPP txafamelanotide(22E new)、嚴格避光、β-carotene
  14. VP:PROTO-oxidase,AD,AIP + 皮膚,南非 founder
  15. CEP / Günther:URO-synthase,AR,in utero hydrops、erythrodontia、HSCT
429.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
項目 數字
AIP 女:男 5:1
AIP penetrance ~10%
AIP 盛行率(瑞典) 1/10,000
HCP / VP 酵素活性 ~50%(heterozygous)
ADP 全世界病例 < 20
PCT 病人 HCV(+) % 50-70%
EPP 主要 storage form RBC free protoporphyrin
EPP 進展嚴重肝病 % ~5%
IV hemin dose 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d
Givosiran dose 2.5 mg/kg SC q4 wk
Afamelanotide implant 16 mg SC q60 day

429.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 圖表

429.2.0.2.1 Porphyrias 分類總表
Porphyria Enzyme 遺傳 急性 attack 皮膚 累積物
ADP ALA-dehydratase AR ALA
AIP HMB-synthase AD ALA, PBG
PCT URO-decarboxylase AD/sporadic ✅ blistering URO
HCP COPRO-oxidase AD ±✅ COPRO III
VP PROTO-oxidase AD ±✅ PROTO + COPRO
CEP URO-synthase AR ✅✅ severe URO I
EPP Ferrochelatase AR ✅ non-blistering PROTO
XLP ALAS2 (GoF) XL ✅ non-blistering PROTO
429.2.0.2.2 急性發作 ALA/PBG 表現
Porphyria Spot urine PBG Spot urine ALA
AIP ↑↑↑ ↑↑
HCP ↑↑
VP ↑↑
ADP normal/slight ↑ ↑↑↑
Lead poisoning normal
429.2.0.2.3 Unsafe Drugs(重點)
  • 絕對避免:barbiturate、sulfonamide、phenytoin、carbamazepine、valproate、rifampin、ergot、griseofulvin、metoclopramide、erythromycin (uncertain)
  • 避免雌激素:OCP combined、HRT、tamoxifen(unclear)
  • 避免:alcohol、smoking、recreational drugs
  • 安全:morphine、fentanyl、acetaminophen、gabapentin、NSAIDs、ondansetron、propranolol、insulin、glipizide(DM)、levothyroxine
429.2.0.2.4 Acute attack treatment quick
Step 處置
1 立即停所有可疑藥物,移除 trigger
2 IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d(first line)
3 IV 10% glucose 300-500 g/d
4 Pain control: morphine PCA
5 Anti-emetic: ondansetron(避免 metoclopramide)
6 監測 SIADH、ECG、autonomic
7 Recurrent → givosiran q4 wk
8 Refractory → liver transplantation

429.2.0.3 🎯 自我檢測

  1. AIP enzyme? → HMB-synthase(HMBS)
  2. AIP 遺傳模式? → AD
  3. AIP 5P? → Pain, Polyneuropathy, Psychiatric, Port-wine urine, (no Photosensitivity)
  4. AIP diagnostic test of choice? → Spot urine PBG
  5. PCT enzyme? → URO-decarboxylase
  6. PCT 全球最常見的紫質症? → True
  7. PCT 共病 4 個? → HCV, alcohol, HFE/iron, estrogen, smoking, DM(任 4)
  8. PCT 治療? → Phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine + treat HCV
  9. EPP enzyme? → Ferrochelatase
  10. EPP 特徵 photosensitivity? → Immediate burning, non-blistering
  11. EPP RBC marker? → Free protoporphyrin(NOT zinc PROTO)
  12. EPP 22E 新藥? → Afamelanotide
  13. Acute attack first-line tx? → IV hemin
  14. Givosiran mechanism? → siRNA targeting ALAS1 mRNA
  15. CEP 別名? → Günther’s disease
  16. CEP cure? → HSCT
  17. VP 在哪國高盛行? → South Africa
  18. Acute porphyria 不能用什麼 anti-emetic? → Metoclopramide
  19. Most common porphyria globally? → PCT
  20. Most common porphyria 兒童期 photosensitivity? → EPP

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