429.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)
429.2.0.1 📌 Cram Sheet
429.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 15
- Heme biosynthesis 8 enzymes:ALAS → ALAD → HMBS → UROS → UROD → CPOX → PPOX → FECH
- AIP enzyme:HMBS(HMB-synthase / PBG-deaminase);AD
- AIP 5P:Pain、Polyneuropathy、Psychiatric、Port-wine urine、(no Photosensitivity)
- AIP diagnosis:spot urine PBG ↑↑↑(不需 24h collection)
- AIP triggers:barbiturate、sulfonamide、OCP、alcohol、valproate、rifampin、starvation、menses、infection
- AIP treatment:IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d + IV glucose + 移除 trigger
- Givosiran(22E new):siRNA targeting ALAS1,q4 wk SC,for recurrent AIP/HCP/VP
- PCT enzyme:UROD(uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase)
- PCT triggers:alcohol、estrogen、HCV、HFE、iron、smoking
- PCT treatment:phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine(不可 standard dose!)+ treat HCV
- EPP enzyme:Ferrochelatase(FECH),AR
- EPP feature:immediate painful burning, non-blistering, RBC free PROTO ↑
- EPP tx:afamelanotide(22E new)、嚴格避光、β-carotene
- VP:PROTO-oxidase,AD,AIP + 皮膚,南非 founder
- CEP / Günther:URO-synthase,AR,in utero hydrops、erythrodontia、HSCT
429.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
| 項目 | 數字 |
|---|---|
| AIP 女:男 | 5:1 |
| AIP penetrance | ~10% |
| AIP 盛行率(瑞典) | 1/10,000 |
| HCP / VP 酵素活性 | ~50%(heterozygous) |
| ADP 全世界病例 | < 20 |
| PCT 病人 HCV(+) % | 50-70% |
| EPP 主要 storage form | RBC free protoporphyrin |
| EPP 進展嚴重肝病 % | ~5% |
| IV hemin dose | 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d |
| Givosiran dose | 2.5 mg/kg SC q4 wk |
| Afamelanotide implant | 16 mg SC q60 day |
429.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 圖表
429.2.0.2.1 Porphyrias 分類總表
| Porphyria | Enzyme | 遺傳 | 急性 attack | 皮膚 | 累積物 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP | ALA-dehydratase | AR | ✅ | ❌ | ALA |
| AIP | HMB-synthase | AD | ✅ | ❌ | ALA, PBG |
| PCT | URO-decarboxylase | AD/sporadic | ❌ | ✅ blistering | URO |
| HCP | COPRO-oxidase | AD | ✅ | ±✅ | COPRO III |
| VP | PROTO-oxidase | AD | ✅ | ±✅ | PROTO + COPRO |
| CEP | URO-synthase | AR | ❌ | ✅✅ severe | URO I |
| EPP | Ferrochelatase | AR | ❌ | ✅ non-blistering | PROTO |
| XLP | ALAS2 (GoF) | XL | ❌ | ✅ non-blistering | PROTO |
429.2.0.2.2 急性發作 ALA/PBG 表現
| Porphyria | Spot urine PBG | Spot urine ALA |
|---|---|---|
| AIP | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ |
| HCP | ↑↑ | ↑ |
| VP | ↑↑ | ↑ |
| ADP | normal/slight ↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Lead poisoning | normal | ↑ |
429.2.0.2.3 Unsafe Drugs(重點)
- 絕對避免:barbiturate、sulfonamide、phenytoin、carbamazepine、valproate、rifampin、ergot、griseofulvin、metoclopramide、erythromycin (uncertain)
- 避免雌激素:OCP combined、HRT、tamoxifen(unclear)
- 避免:alcohol、smoking、recreational drugs
- 安全:morphine、fentanyl、acetaminophen、gabapentin、NSAIDs、ondansetron、propranolol、insulin、glipizide(DM)、levothyroxine
429.2.0.2.4 Acute attack treatment quick
| Step | 處置 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 立即停所有可疑藥物,移除 trigger |
| 2 | IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d(first line) |
| 3 | IV 10% glucose 300-500 g/d |
| 4 | Pain control: morphine PCA |
| 5 | Anti-emetic: ondansetron(避免 metoclopramide) |
| 6 | 監測 SIADH、ECG、autonomic |
| 7 | Recurrent → givosiran q4 wk |
| 8 | Refractory → liver transplantation |
429.2.0.3 🎯 自我檢測
- AIP enzyme? → HMB-synthase(HMBS)
- AIP 遺傳模式? → AD
- AIP 5P? → Pain, Polyneuropathy, Psychiatric, Port-wine urine, (no Photosensitivity)
- AIP diagnostic test of choice? → Spot urine PBG
- PCT enzyme? → URO-decarboxylase
- PCT 全球最常見的紫質症? → True
- PCT 共病 4 個? → HCV, alcohol, HFE/iron, estrogen, smoking, DM(任 4)
- PCT 治療? → Phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine + treat HCV
- EPP enzyme? → Ferrochelatase
- EPP 特徵 photosensitivity? → Immediate burning, non-blistering
- EPP RBC marker? → Free protoporphyrin(NOT zinc PROTO)
- EPP 22E 新藥? → Afamelanotide
- Acute attack first-line tx? → IV hemin
- Givosiran mechanism? → siRNA targeting ALAS1 mRNA
- CEP 別名? → Günther’s disease
- CEP cure? → HSCT
- VP 在哪國高盛行? → South Africa
- Acute porphyria 不能用什麼 anti-emetic? → Metoclopramide
- Most common porphyria globally? → PCT
- Most common porphyria 兒童期 photosensitivity? → EPP
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