332 Ch 331. Approach to the Renal Patient and Renal Physiology

腎臟功能:(1) 排泄代謝廢物 (urea, creatinine, uric acid);(2) 體液 + 電解質平衡;(3) 酸鹼平衡;(4) 血壓調節 (RAAS);(5) 內分泌 (erythropoietin, calcitriol/1,25-OH-vitamin D, renin);(6) 葡萄糖新生;GFR (glomerular filtration rate) 為核心 — 估算用 eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021 race-free + age + sex)cystatin C-based;正常 ~ 90-120 mL/min/1.73m²;尿液評估:UA + 沉渣分析 + 蛋白尿 (尿白蛋白/肌酸酐比 UACR + 24h 蛋白尿);主要病人 presentationAKI(rapid decline of kidney function)、CKD(slow progressive)、glomerular disease(hematuria, proteinuria)、tubular diseaseurinary tract disease(infection, obstruction, stones);electrolyte disorders(Na, K, Ca, PO4, Mg)是 chief problem in nephrology;2024 重要更新:eGFR race-free equation (2021)SGLT2i + finerenone + GLP-1 RA for CKD, APOL1 risk genotype in African ancestry。