431.1 🎓 醫學生版
對象:M3-M6 醫學生。GSD 是國考必考代謝病。記憶法:「liver type」(GSD I, III, IV, VI, IX)= fasting hypoglycemia + hepatomegaly;「muscle type」(GSD II Pompe, V McArdle, VII Tarui)= exercise intolerance + myoglobinuria + CK ↑。GSD V「McArdle’s disease」second-wind phenomenon 是經典考題。台灣最重要的單一 disorder 是 G6PD deficiency(蠶豆症,新生兒篩檢核心項目)。
431.1.0.1 📌 一頁重點
- Carbohydrate metabolism overview(碳水化合物代謝總覽):
- Glucose = 主要能量來源;經 glycolysis(糖解)+ TCA cycle + oxidative phosphorylation 生成 ATP
- 餐後高血糖:glucose → glycogen storage(glycogenesis)in liver + muscle
- 空腹:早期 → liver glycogenolysis(分解 glycogen);晚期 → gluconeogenesis(從 amino acids、lactate、glycerol 合成 glucose)
- Galactose(來自乳製品 lactose)+ Fructose(來自水果、蜂蜜、sucrose)是其他單糖
- GSDs 分類(依累積位置):
- Liver GSDs(肝型):fasting hypoglycemia + hepatomegaly + 生長遲緩為主
- GSD 0a / 0b:glycogen synthase 缺陷(rare)
- GSD I(von Gierke):glucose-6-phosphatase(GSDIa)or translocase(GSDIb)缺陷 — 最嚴重 + 經典 + 內分泌科必懂
- GSD III(Cori / Forbes):debranching enzyme 缺陷
- GSD IV(Andersen):branching enzyme 缺陷
- GSD VI(Hers):liver phosphorylase
- GSD IX:phosphorylase kinase(含 X-linked α2)
- Fanconi-Bickel syndrome:GLUT2
- Muscle GSDs(肌肉型):exercise intolerance + cramps + myoglobinuria + CK ↑ 為主
- GSD II(Pompe):acid α-glucosidase — 跨類 LSD + GSD(見 Ch429)
- GSD V(McArdle):myophosphorylase
- GSD VII(Tarui):phosphofructokinase
- GSD IX α1:muscle phosphorylase kinase
- 其他 X, XI, XII, XIII rare
- 混合 / 多系統:
- Danon disease:LAMP2,X-linked,cardiomyopathy
- PRKAG2:AMPK γ2,progressive cardiomyopathy + arrhythmia + WPW
- Liver GSDs(肝型):fasting hypoglycemia + hepatomegaly + 生長遲緩為主
- GSD I 臨床(必背):
- Fasting hypoglycemia(早期表現,嬰兒開始整夜睡覺就出現)
- Lactic acidosis(hallmark)
- Hyperuricemia → gout(puberty 後)
- Hyperlipidemia(hypertriglyceridemia + hypercholesterolemia)
- Massive hepatomegaly(doll-like facies + thin extremities + protuberant abdomen)
- Kidney enlargement + 長期 CKD + nephrocalcinosis + stones
- HCA / HCC risk(成人)
- GSD Ib 加 neutropenia + IBD-like + 反復感染 + 口腔潰瘍
- GSD V(McArdle)臨床(必背 second-wind!):
- Exercise intolerance(劇烈運動 → muscle cramps + pain)
- Myoglobinuria(暗紅尿,rhabdomyolysis)
- CK 大幅 ↑ 運動後
- “Second-wind” phenomenon:休息 8-10 分鐘後,因為 FFA + glucose 從循環供應,肌肉再次能用 → 運動 capacity 恢復
- 多 adult-onset;童年 mild + 多被當「懶」「不愛運動」
- 其他 carbohydrate disorders:
- Classic galactosemia:GALT(galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase)缺陷
- 新生兒:餵奶後 vomiting、jaundice、liver failure、E. coli sepsis、cataract、failure to thrive
- 治療:lifelong galactose-restricted diet(無乳糖配方奶)
- 長期併發症(即便早治療仍有):cognitive deficits、speech apraxia、motor problems、女性 premature ovarian insufficiency(POI)、bone disease
- Hereditary fructose intolerance(HFI):aldolase B 缺陷
- 餵入含 fructose / sucrose 食物 → vomiting、postprandial hypoglycemia、liver disease
- 治療:lifelong fructose / sucrose restriction
- G6PD deficiency(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,蠶豆症):
- X-linked,男性多
- Pentose phosphate pathway 第一個酵素,缺陷 → NADPH 不足 → RBC 無法處理氧化應激 → oxidative hemolysis
- 觸發:fava beans(蠶豆)、antimalarials(primaquine、chloroquine)、sulfa drugs、nitrofurantoin、aspirin(high-dose)、infection、DKA
- 表現:acute hemolysis(jaundice、dark urine、Heinz bodies、bite cells on smear)
- 新生兒黃疸(neonatal jaundice)+ acute hemolytic anemia + 慢性 hemolytic
- 台灣 highest prevalence in 客家裔、原住民(~3% 男性 carrier)
- 治療:避免 trigger、acute hemolysis 支持療法
- Classic galactosemia:GALT(galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase)缺陷
- 診斷流程:
- Fasting hypoglycemia work-up:glucose + lactate + ketones + insulin + uric acid + LFT + lipid + ammonia + acylcarnitine + urine reducing substance + urine organic acids
- 酵素活性測定(liver biopsy 已少用;DBS / leukocyte / fibroblast)
- 基因檢測(首選):NGS panel for inherited carbohydrate disorders
- CGM(continuous glucose monitor):GSD I/III/VI/IX 監測利器
- 治療 4 大主軸:
- Avoid fasting + frequent feeds(high complex carbohydrate)
- Uncooked cornstarch(生玉米澱粉,UCCS)frequent feeding — slow-release glucose;現代 modified extended-release cornstarch 更長效(夜間餵食可省略)
- Treat complications:allopurinol、ACEi、statin、citrate、empagliflozin(GSD Ib for neutropenia!)
- Special:liver transplant for HCA/HCC、kidney transplant for ESRD、gene therapy / mRNA therapy(GSD Ia phase III)
431.1.0.2 🩺 1️⃣ GSD I(von Gierke disease,內分泌科必懂)
431.1.0.2.1 Pathophysiology
- Glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase)catalyzes G6P → glucose(最終一步 gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis)
- GSD Ia:G6PC gene mutation,G6Pase 本身缺陷(80% cases)
- GSD Ib:SLC37A4 gene mutation,translocase(將 G6P 從 cytoplasm 運入 ER lumen)缺陷(20% cases)
- 缺 G6Pase → gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis 都不能完成最終步驟 → glucose 無法釋放至血流 → 嚴重 fasting hypoglycemia
- 同時 G6P 累積 → 走旁路 → lactate 大量產生(lactic acidosis)+ pyruvate → alanine + uric acid(hyperuricemia via purine breakdown)+ triglyceride synthesis(hyperlipidemia)
431.1.0.2.2 Clinical features
- 早發:嬰兒 3-4 月大開始整夜睡覺 → 出現 fasting hypoglycemia + lactic acidosis;可在新生兒期就出現
- Doll-like facies + 圓臉頰 + 細四肢 + 膨大腹部(巨大 hepatomegaly)
- Hepatomegaly:肝可達肋下 10 cm 以上;liver biopsy 顯示 hepatocyte distention by glycogen + fat + 大 lipid vacuoles
- Kidney enlargement(renomegaly),脾 + 心正常
- Easy bruising / epistaxis:platelet aggregation/adhesion 受損 + acquired vWD-like
- Lab:
- Fasting hypoketotic hypoglycemia(與其他 ketotic GSD 不同!— 因為脂肪 mobilize 但無法 produce ketone 有效)
- Lactic acidosis(lactate > 4-10 mmol/L)
- Hyperuricemia(→ 青春期 gout)
- Hypertriglyceridemia + hypercholesterolemia(→ serum 看起來像牛奶 lipemic)
- AST/ALT 輕至中度 ↑
- 長期併發症(puberty + 成人):
- Gout(hyperuricemia)
- Pancreatitis(hypertriglyceridemia)
- Osteoporosis / 病理性骨折
- Pulmonary HTN(罕但 life-threatening)
- HCA → HCC transformation(20 歲後)
- CKD / proteinuria / nephrocalcinosis / kidney stones / ESRD
- Thyroid autoimmunity(特別 GSD Ib)
- PCOS + menorrhagia(成人女性)— internal medicine 鑑別!
- GSD Ib 額外特徵:
- Neutropenia(先天 + 反復)
- Neutrophil dysfunction(chemotaxis + phagocytosis 受損)
- Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD-like,多 Crohn’s-like)
- 反復 bacterial infection + 口腔潰瘍 + periodontal disease
431.1.0.2.3 Diagnosis
- NGS panel for GSDs:G6PC + SLC37A4 + 其他 → 確診(現代首選)
- 酵素活性 in liver tissue:低;現少需 biopsy
- 影像:超音波或 MRI 顯示 hepatomegaly + 可能 HCA
431.1.0.2.4 Treatment(GSD I 治療總綱)
- Diet(核心治療):
- Avoid fasting:嬰兒 q2-3 hr 餵食;幼兒 q3-4 hr;成人 q4-6 hr + 夜間 cornstarch
- High complex carbohydrate diet + 限制 simple sugar + 限制 fructose / galactose(因為 fructose/galactose 經 G6P 路徑會加重 lactic acidosis)
- Uncooked cornstarch(UCCS):1.6-2.5 g/kg per dose q4-6 hr(成人 q6 hr night dose);現代 extended-release modified cornstarch(Glycosade)可 q8-10 hr
- Total caloric distribution:~ 60-65% complex CHO, 10-15% protein, 20-25% fat
- Continuous glucose monitor(CGM):監測 hypoglycemic episodes + 調整餵食頻率(現代 routine)
- 藥物:
- Allopurinol 治療 hyperuricemia
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor + fibrate for hyperlipidemia
- ACEi for microalbuminuria(renal protection)
- Citrate(potassium citrate) for nephrocalcinosis prevention
- Empagliflozin(SGLT2 inhibitor)for GSD Ib neutropenia(22E 新適應症!— mechanism: 抑制 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate 累積 → 改善 neutrophil function)
- 歷史 G-CSF for neutropenia(仍 occasional 用,但 empagliflozin 已多取代)
- HCA treatment:surgical resection、percutaneous ethanol injection、RFA;HCC risk → liver transplant lifesaving
- Kidney transplant for ESRD
- Gene replacement therapy(AAV-G6PC for GSD Ia)+ mRNA therapy:phase I-III clinical trials ongoing
內分泌備忘:GSD I 成人女性常有 PCOS + menorrhagia(與 chronic metabolic disturbance 有關)。Acromegaly-like features 因為 chronic insulin resistance + 長期 metabolic stress 也可能出現。Thyroid autoimmunity (GSD Ib) 是內分泌共病;多種類 thyroid disease(Hashimoto, Graves) 需 routine screening。
431.1.0.3 🩺 2️⃣ GSD III(Cori / Forbes Disease)
431.1.0.3.1 Pathophysiology
- Glycogen debranching enzyme(AGL gene)缺陷
- Glycogen 分解到 branch point 後無法繼續 → 異常 limit dextrin-like glycogen 累積
- Gluconeogenesis intact(這是與 GSD I 最大區別!)
- GSD IIIa(85%):肝 + 心 + 骨骼肌都受影響
- GSD IIIb(15%):純肝(AGL exon 2 variants)
431.1.0.3.2 Clinical features
- 嬰兒/兒童期:hypoglycemia(ketotic** or nonketotic)+ hepatomegaly + short stature + hyperlipidemia**
- 與 GSD I 區別:
- Normal lactate
- Normal uric acid
- Markedly ↑ AST/ALT(後隨年齡下降)
- Urine glucose tetrasaccharide(Glc4)↑
- 成人:漸進性 liver fibrosis → cirrhosis → liver failure;HCC + HCA risk
- GSD IIIa muscle/cardiac(常被忽略,因為 hepatomegaly 太顯眼):
- Skeletal myopathy(proximal + distal weakness)
- Cardiomyopathy(LV hypertrophy → arrhythmia)
- Peripheral neuropathy(preferential median nerve)
- 第 3-4 decade 後加重,可能需 wheelchair
- Sudden cardiac death from arrhythmia
- Osteoporosis risk ↑
- PCOS + hirsutism + irregular menses in females(類似 GSD I)
431.1.0.3.3 Treatment
- Diet:avoid fasting + frequent feeds + UCCS + 高蛋白飲食(amino acid → gluconeogenesis intact!)
- GSD IIIa:additional high-fat + MCT supplementation 可能改善 myopathy + cardiomyopathy
- CGM for hypoglycemia monitoring
- Liver transplant for end-stage liver disease
- Heart transplant for severe cardiomyopathy
- 但移植不能修肌肉病(unmet need)
431.1.0.4 🩺 3️⃣ GSD V(McArdle Disease,adult 最常見 muscle GSD)
431.1.0.4.1 Pathophysiology
- Myophosphorylase(PYGM gene)缺陷
- 肌肉不能 break down glycogen(但肝 phosphorylase 正常 → 無 fasting hypoglycemia + hepatomegaly)
- 運動時肌肉缺乏 glucose 來源 → 缺 ATP → cramps + rhabdomyolysis
431.1.0.4.2 Clinical features(McArdle 經典 features)
- Exercise intolerance:劇烈、anaerobic、isometric 運動 → 肌肉 cramps + pain
- Rhabdomyolysis + myoglobinuria:暗紅尿;可導致 AKI
- CK ↑ at baseline + 急遽 ↑ post-exercise(可 > 100,000 IU/L during attack)
- “Second-wind” phenomenon(經典 hallmark!):
- 運動 ~ 8-10 min 後,因為 FFA + circulating blood glucose 從脂肪/肝來補給 → 肌肉 capacity 恢復
- 病人若先做 mild warm-up 然後休息 → 後續可以做更多運動
- 這 phenomenon 區別 McArdle vs GSD VII(Tarui)「out-of-wind」(無第二風)
- Fixed weakness(晚期 30% 病人)
- 多 adult-onset 確診(過去童年常被當「懶」「體弱」)
431.1.0.4.3 Diagnosis
- CK 高(baseline 多 1500-3000)
- Forearm ischemic exercise test(歷史;現少用):lactate 不上升(因為 glycogen 不能 breakdown)
- PYGM gene 基因檢測(首選)
- Muscle biopsy + myophosphorylase histochemical stain(缺乏)
431.1.0.4.4 Treatment
- 避免 sudden intense exercise
- Pre-exercise sucrose / glucose 30-40 g(口服)30 min before exercise — improves exercise tolerance
- Warm-up gentle 5-10 min 再正式運動 → 啟動 second-wind
- Aerobic training 漸進可改善 oxidative capacity
- Avoid statin(rhabdomyolysis risk)
- Hydration in acute attack;嚴重 myoglobinuria + AKI → IV fluid 急救
431.1.0.5 🩺 4️⃣ GSD II(Pompe)— 跨類,見 Ch 429 詳細
- Acid α-glucosidase(GAA,lysosomal)缺陷
- Lysosomal glycogen 累積(與其他 GSD 在 cytoplasm 不同)
- IOPD(infant cardiomyopathy)vs LOPD(adult limb-girdle + respiratory)
- ERT alglucosidase / avalglucosidase / cipaglucosidase + miglustat
431.1.0.6 🩺 5️⃣ GSD VII(Tarui Disease)
- Phosphofructokinase(PFK-M subunit)缺陷
- 類似 McArdle + compensated hemolysis(PFK 也在 RBC)+ hyperuricemia
- 「Out-of-wind」phenomenon(與 McArdle 反向):carbohydrate intake 反而 worsens exercise tolerance(因為 glucose 進入 muscle 但被 block 在 PFK,造成 metabolic intermediate 累積)
- Pre-exercise glucose 不建議(與 McArdle 不同!)
- Treatment:avoid intense exercise;keto-diet 部分病人有益
431.1.0.7 🩺 6️⃣ Galactosemia(半乳糖血症)
431.1.0.7.1 Classic galactosemia(type I)
- GALT(galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase)缺陷,GALT gene
- AR
- Newborn screening 包含(台灣 NBS panel)
- 嬰兒餵母乳/正常配方奶(含 lactose → 分解為 glucose + galactose)後出現:
- Vomiting
- Jaundice(hepatocellular + hyperbilirubinemia direct)
- Failure to thrive
- Hepatomegaly + liver dysfunction
- Renal Fanconi syndrome
- Cataract(lens galactitol accumulation)
- E. coli sepsis(galactose impairs leukocyte function;鑑別 neonatal E. coli sepsis 必想 galactosemia)
- 嚴重時 encephalopathy + 死亡
431.1.0.7.2 Diagnosis
- Newborn screening: 紅血球 GALT activity ↓
- Urine reducing substance(Clinitest+)+ glucose oxidase strip negative → galactose
- GALT gene confirm
431.1.0.7.3 Treatment
- Lifelong galactose-restricted diet(無乳糖配方奶 + 避免乳製品)
- 即便嚴格遵守,長期併發症仍可發生:
- Cognitive deficits(IQ ↓ 1 SD on average)
- Speech apraxia(articulation disorder)
- Motor problems(cerebellar ataxia、tremor)
- Premature ovarian insufficiency(POI)in 80-90% females(內分泌科關鍵!— 必做 hormonal evaluation + HRT counseling)
- Osteopenia / osteoporosis
- Variant galactosemia:homozygous p.Ser135Leu(African American、Native South Africans 多)— 較輕
431.1.0.7.4 其他 galactose 疾病
- GALK(galactokinase)缺陷:純 cataract,無 systemic disease
- GALE(UDP-galactose-4-epimerase)缺陷:可輕至嚴重 phenotype
- GALM(galactose mutarotase):mild cataract(Japan reports)
431.1.0.7.5 Endocrine 備忘 — POI in galactosemia
任何年輕女性 confirmed/treated galactosemia 都應 q1 yr 評估 menarche、menstrual regularity、FSH/LH/E2;多在青春期 / 早成人就出現 elevated FSH + amenorrhea → POI 已發。建議 HRT replacement + bone density monitoring + 生育 counseling(有可能仍有 ovarian reserve,需 reproductive endocrinology 評估)。
431.1.0.8 🩺 7️⃣ Hereditary Fructose Intolerance(HFI,遺傳性果糖不耐症)
- Aldolase B(ALDOB gene)缺陷
- AR,盛行率 ~1/20,000
- 嬰兒/兒童首次接觸 fructose / sucrose 食物(果汁、水果、加糖配方奶)→
- Vomiting
- Postprandial hypoglycemia + sweating + tremor
- Liver disease(hepatomegaly + LFT ↑)
- Failure to thrive
- Renal Fanconi
- Severe: liver failure, hypophosphatemia, lactic acidosis
- 病人自然發展對 sweet food 強烈厭惡(aversion)— 是一個重要 history clue
- 嬰兒嚴重 disease;成人多 mild + 自行 avoid sweets
431.1.0.8.1 Diagnosis
- ALDOB gene sequencing(首選;常見 A149P mutation)
- Liver biopsy aldolase B activity(rarely needed)
- Fructose challenge test(dangerous,不推薦)
431.1.0.9 🩺 8️⃣ G6PD Deficiency(蠶豆症,台灣最重要的遺傳代謝病)
431.1.0.9.1 Pathophysiology
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 缺陷(G6PD gene)
- X-linked(男 hemizygous 嚴重;女 heterozygous 可發病 via lyonization)
- G6PD 是 pentose phosphate pathway 第一個酵素 → NADPH 生成 → glutathione 還原 → 抗氧化能力
- 缺 G6PD → RBC 無法清除 oxidative stress → 紅血球膜損傷 + Hb 氧化沉積(Heinz bodies)→ acute hemolysis
431.1.0.9.2 Epidemiology(台灣特別重要!)
- 全球最常見的 enzyme deficiency(4 億人 affected)
- 台灣盛行率 ~3% 男性 + 客家裔 + 原住民更高
- 地中海、東南亞、非洲 prevalence ↑(因為 G6PD def 提供 malaria 抗性 → 選擇壓力)
- 變異型 > 400 個 G6PD variants
- 台灣最常見 variant:Canton(G6PD Canton, c.1376G>T)、Kaiping、Mahidol、Taiwan-Hakka
431.1.0.9.3 Clinical Features
- 多數 carrier asymptomatic
- 新生兒黃疸(neonatal jaundice,台灣 NBS 重要項目)
- Acute hemolytic anemia(trigger 後 24-72 hr 內):
- 暗紅尿(hemoglobinuria)、jaundice、發燒、背痛、Hb 急降
- Smear: bite cells, Heinz bodies(supravital stain like methylene blue)
- Chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia(嚴重 G6PD variants)
- Favism(蠶豆症):吃蠶豆(fava beans)後 24-48 hr 內急性溶血(vicine + convicine 是強氧化劑)
- Drug-induced hemolysis:列表(記憶必背):
- 抗瘧:primaquine、tafenoquine、chloroquine(high-dose)
- 磺胺類:sulfamethoxazole、sulfadiazine、dapsone
- 抗生素:nitrofurantoin、ciprofloxacin(high-dose)、nalidixic acid
- 止痛:aspirin(high-dose)、phenazopyridine
- 其他:methylene blue(!— 諷刺,是 G6PD Heinz body 染色劑也是 trigger)、vitamin C IV high-dose、rasburicase
- Infection、DKA、metabolic acidosis 也可 trigger
- Hemoglobinuria → AKI in severe cases
431.1.0.9.4 Diagnosis
- G6PD enzyme activity assay(quantitative spectrophotometric — gold standard)
- 注意:急性溶血期間 old G6PD-deficient RBCs 已被 destroyed,留下新 reticulocytes(G6PD relatively higher)→ 可能 false-negative;建議急性期過 2-3 個月後 retest
- Heterozygote 女性活性可介於 normal-deficient,需 gene testing confirm
- G6PD gene sequencing — definitive,特別 carrier status
431.1.0.10 🩺 完整 cases(中文 narrative)
431.1.0.10.1 Case 1:GSD Ia — 6 個月嬰兒「夜間餵食停後出現低血糖 + 肝大 + lactic acidosis」
6 個月女嬰,足月生產,BW 3.2 kg,正常配方奶餵養。5 個月大開始整夜睡覺停夜間餵食後,母親發現嬰兒早晨 unresponsive + 冒冷汗,急診抽血 glucose 25 mg/dL + lactate 8.5 mmol/L + pH 7.18。給予 IV glucose 後恢復清醒。理學檢查:肝下緣肋下 6 cm(hepatomegaly)、doll-like facies、protuberant abdomen、thin extremities。
評估: - LFT:ALT 180、AST 220 - Lipid:cholesterol 380、TG 800(lipemic serum) - Uric acid 9.5 mg/dL - Ketones 在 hypoglycemic episode 中 NEGATIVE(hypoketotic hypoglycemia) - Genetic panel for GSDs:G6PC homozygous c.247C>T(pathogenic)→ 確診 GSD Ia - 腹部超音波:hepatomegaly + 未見 HCA、kidney enlarged bilaterally
處置: - 立即 dietary intervention:q2-3 hr feeding + continuous nocturnal G-tube feeding(夜間 nasogastric / G-tube 持續泵入 glucose polymer 至 1 yr 大) - 1 yr 後改 UCCS(uncooked cornstarch)1.6 g/kg q4 hr + nocturnal UCCS - CGM continuous monitoring;目標 glucose > 70 - Avoid fructose / galactose / lactose(限制 fruit、果汁、乳製品) - Allopurinol 5 mg/kg/d - Cholestyramine + fibrate for hyperlipidemia - ACEi 在 microalbuminuria 出現後 - 多學科照護:metabolic、營養師、社工 - 5 歲:身高在 P3 但成長軌跡 stable、Lab 控制良好 - 12 歲:開始 modified extended-release cornstarch(Glycosade)— 可延長 night fasting period - 成人:q12 mo 肝臟 imaging(HCA / HCC screening)+ q12 mo eGFR + UPCR - 罕病基金會 + 健保 dietary product reimbursement
431.1.0.10.2 Case 2:GSD Ib — 2 歲男「GSD I 表現 + 反復感染 + 口腔潰瘍 + IBD-like」
2 歲男,原已診斷 GSD I(基於 hepatomegaly + hypoglycemia + lactic acidosis),但臨床特別之處:反復細菌感染(中耳炎、皮膚膿瘍、肺炎)+ chronic oral ulcers + bloody diarrhea + abdominal pain(內視鏡 colon biopsy 顯示 chronic granulomatous inflammation,Crohn’s-like)。CBC 顯示 chronic neutropenia(ANC 500-700)。
評估: - SLC37A4 gene:compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations → GSD Ib 確診 - Neutrophil function:reduced chemotaxis + phagocytosis
處置: - 同 GSD I treatment(diet、UCCS、CGM、allopurinol) - Empagliflozin 10 mg/d(22E 新適應症!— 顯著改善 neutropenia + 減少感染 + IBD 緩解) - 機轉:SGLT2 inhibition → reduce 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate(1,5-AG6P,toxic metabolite)累積 in neutrophils → 改善 neutrophil function - 副作用:UTI、euglycemic DKA(少見 in pediatric) - G-CSF as needed for severe infection(過去 mainstay;現多被 empagliflozin 取代) - 1 年後:ANC 恢復至 1500-2500、感染頻率大幅下降、IBD 緩解、口腔潰瘍消失 - 監測:UTI、bone density、growth
431.1.0.10.3 Case 3:GSD V McArdle — 28 歲男「劇烈運動後 rhabdomyolysis + second-wind」
28 歲男,過去身體健康但「從小不喜歡體育課,每次跑步就肌肉痛,被同學笑稱『懶』」。最近健身房想練舉重,做 deadlift 後 24 hr 內 暗紅尿 + 雙股肌肉劇痛 + 無法行走。急診 CK 35,000 IU/L、AKI(Cr 2.5 mg/dL)。住院 IV fluid 救治。詢問 history:「運動 5-10 分鐘後反而會比較好,可以走更久」(second-wind phenomenon);無 fasting hypoglycemia、肝不大。
評估: - Baseline CK(healing 後):1800 IU/L - PYGM gene:compound heterozygous c.148C>T (R49X common Caucasian) + c.708-709delAA → 確診 GSD V McArdle - 不做 forearm ischemic test(dangerous + replaced by genetics)
處置: - 教育避免 sudden intense isometric exercise - Pre-exercise sucrose 30-40 g 30 min 前口服 - Warm-up gentle 5-10 min(slow walking)再正式運動 → 啟動 second-wind - Aerobic training(漸進,輕度有氧 + walking + swimming)改善 oxidative capacity - 絕對避免 statin(rhabdomyolysis additive risk) - 攜帶 medical alert bracelet:「GSD V McArdle, avoid intense exercise, hydrate” - 結婚 counseling:partner 不是 carrier(dominant inheritance 不適用,但 family 篩查) - 預後:適當 management 可有 near-normal activity;嚴重 rhabdomyolysis 須避免
431.1.0.10.4 Case 4:Classic galactosemia + POI — 22 歲女「童年診斷 galactosemia,現 amenorrhea」
22 歲女,新生兒期經 NBS 診斷 classic galactosemia(GALT mutation),自嬰兒期起 lifelong lactose-free diet。發育大致正常但 mild speech apraxia + mild learning disability(special education support)。月經初經 13 歲,14-17 歲規律,18 歲開始 oligomenorrhea,20 歲完全 amenorrhea。
評估: - FSH 65 mIU/mL(postmenopausal range)、LH 35、E2 < 20 pg/mL - AMH 0.05 ng/mL(極低) - 卵巢超音波:bilaterally 卵巢小、follicles 罕見 - 診斷:premature ovarian insufficiency(POI)secondary to galactosemia(80-90% female galactosemia 患者會發生) - DXA:T-score lumbar -2.7(osteoporosis)
處置: - HRT replacement(雌激素 + 黃體素):oral estradiol 2 mg + progestin cyclical,或 transdermal patch;vital for cardiovascular + bone health to early 50s - Calcium 1000-1200 mg/d + vitamin D 800-1000 IU/d - Bone density q1-2 yr;考慮 bisphosphonate(zoledronic acid)若 T < -2.5 + young 仍 fragile - Reproductive counseling: - 自然受孕極困難(few cases reported) - Cryopreservation of eggs if any ovarian reserve detectable (rare) - Donor egg IVF 是主要選項 - 家族 genetic counseling(heterozygous partners pre-conception screening) - 持續 lactose-free diet(雖然成人 GALT activity 影響 less acute,但仍 recommend) - 多學科照護:endocrinology、genetic、reproductive endocrine、neuropsychology、speech therapy
431.1.0.10.5 Case 5:G6PD deficiency — 22 歲男台籍士兵 acute hemolysis 服用 primaquine
22 歲男,台灣客家裔,至東南亞訓練前服用 primaquine + chloroquine for malaria prophylaxis。3 天後出現:疲倦 + 皮膚黃 + 暗紅褐色尿(“Coke-colored urine”) + 心搏快 + 喘。Hb 7.5(baseline 14)、retic count 8% ↑、indirect bilirubin 3.5、LDH 800、haptoglobin < 30。
評估: - Smear:bite cells + Heinz bodies(supravital stain methylene blue 陽性) - 確診 acute hemolysis 後立即停 primaquine + chloroquine - 急性期 G6PD activity 暫時 false-normal(new reticulocytes G6PD higher) - 3 個月後 re-test G6PD activity:< 10% normal → 確診 G6PD deficiency - G6PD gene:c.1376G>T(G6PD Canton variant,台灣最常見之一)
處置: - 立即停 trigger drugs - IV hydration + monitor renal function(hemoglobinuria → AKI risk) - 嚴重 anemia transfusion(PRBC 2 U) - 後續 supportive - 終生避免 trigger 清單衛教: - 蠶豆 + 蠶豆製品(Fava beans) - Primaquine、tafenoquine、dapsone、sulfa、nitrofurantoin、methylene blue、high-dose aspirin、rasburicase - Naphthalene 樟腦丸 - 對 infection、DKA 等其他誘因警覺 - Medical alert bracelet - Family genetic counseling(X-linked,sisters 50% carrier,姐妹的兒子 50% affected) - 若需 malaria prophylaxis:改用 atovaquone-proguanil(Malarone)or doxycycline(safe G6PD def)
431.1.0.11 ⚠️ 易犯錯誤
- GSD I 不限 fructose + lactose → 加重 lactic acidosis(fructose/galactose 經 G6P 走旁路)
- GSD I dose UCCS 過量 → 肥胖、insulin resistance
- GSD Ib 不查 neutropenia → 反復感染遺漏;不知 empagliflozin 新選項
- GSD III 限蛋白 → 錯!gluconeogenesis intact,高蛋白才對
- GSD V McArdle 給 statin → rhabdomyolysis additive
- McArdle 不做 pre-exercise glucose + warm-up education
- Galactosemia 女性不查 FSH / 不 monitor POI → 漏 endocrine 重大共病
- HFI 給含 fructose 的 IV 溶液(包括 invert sugar,sorbitol)→ 可致死
- G6PD def 急性溶血期測 enzyme → false-normal(要 3 mo 後再驗)
- G6PD def 服用 rasburicase(治 TLS 的常用藥)→ severe hemolysis(rasburicase 是 absolute contraindication)
431.1.0.12 🔁 速記
- GSD I(von Gierke):G6Pase, fasting hypoketotic hypoglycemia + lactic acidosis + hyperuricemia + hyperlipidemia + hepatomegaly, GSD Ib + neutropenia + IBD-like → empagliflozin (22E), avoid fructose/galactose
- GSD III(Cori):debrancher, gluconeogenesis intact, ketotic hypoglycemia, normal lactate/uric, high-protein diet, IIIa = cardiac + muscle
- GSD IV(Andersen):brancher, infantile liver failure or APBD (adult polyglucosan body disease, Ashkenazi)
- GSD V(McArdle):myophosphorylase, exercise intolerance + myoglobinuria + second-wind, pre-exercise sucrose + warm-up + avoid statin
- GSD VII(Tarui):PFK, out-of-wind, avoid pre-exercise glucose
- GSD II(Pompe):lysosomal GAA, see Ch 429, ERT
- Classic galactosemia:GALT, POI in 80-90% females, lifelong lactose-free diet
- HFI:aldolase B, fructose aversion, lifelong fructose restriction
- G6PD def:X-linked, oxidative hemolysis, avoid fava beans + primaquine + sulfa + nitrofurantoin + rasburicase + methylene blue, 台灣 NBS
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