329 Ch 328. High Altitude, Diving, and Environmental Pulmonary Disease

High altitude illness 在 > 2500m 顯著：(1) acute mountain sickness (AMS) — HA + nausea + insomnia + fatigue；(2) high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) — pulmonary vasoconstriction + non-cardiogenic edema；(3) high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) — life-threatening；prevention：gradual ascent (300-500 m/day), acetazolamide；treatment：descent + supplemental O2 + dexamethasone (HACE) + nifedipine (HAPE)；diving emergencies：(1) decompression sickness (DCS) — N2 bubble formation；(2) arterial gas embolism (AGE) — pulmonary barotrauma；(3) pulmonary barotrauma — gas trapping + alveolar rupture；treatment：immediate 100% O2 + hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)；inhalation injuries：smoke (CO + cyanide toxicity), chemical (chlorine, ammonia, phosgene), thermal；near-drowning (salt vs fresh water), aspiration syndromes；environmental factors：cold-induced bronchospasm, hot weather/heat stroke + lung, air pollution acute (Ch306)。