21.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。最新指引、台灣登革熱 / 腸病毒 context。
21.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理
- 22E 強調:早期辨識 5 致命 + drug-induced severe(DRESS, SJS/TEN)
- Monkeypox 22E 新增(2022 outbreak)
- DRESS syndrome 完整討論
- Taiwan:登革熱、腸病毒、Kawasaki disease
21.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異
| 項目 | 21E | 22E |
|---|---|---|
| Monkeypox | — | 新增 |
| DRESS syndrome | 簡 | 詳 |
| HLA-genotype testing | 提 | 強化 (B1502, B5801) |
| RMSF empiric in pediatric | 提 | 強化(doxycycline 即使小孩) |
| COVID-19 skin manifestations | — | 提 |
21.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉
21.3.0.3.1 Drug Hypersensitivity 連續譜
- Morbilliform / maculopapular:Type IV delayed hypersensitivity(CD4/CD8 T cell)
- DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia + Systemic Symptoms):HHV-6/CMV reactivation 重要
- AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis):β-lactam, terbinafine
- SJS/TEN:HLA-restricted T cell response → keratinocyte apoptosis(granulysin, FasL, perforin)
21.3.0.4 💊 進階診斷與治療
21.3.0.4.1 DRESS(必會)
- 別名:DIHS (Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome)
- 特徵:
- 起始 2-8 週 after 開始藥(慢於 SJS/TEN)
- Fever + diffuse rash
- LAP (lymphadenopathy)
- Eosinophilia + atypical lymphocytes
- Multi-organ involvement(hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, pneumonitis)
- HHV-6/CMV reactivation 常見
- 觸發藥:anticonvulsants, sulfa, allopurinol, dapsone, minocycline, vancomycin
- 處置:
- 停藥 + systemic steroid (1 mg/kg/d)
- 多器官支持
- 緩慢 taper(months)
- Long-term sequelae:autoimmune(Type 1 DM, thyroiditis)
21.3.0.4.2 SJS / TEN 進階
- SCORTEN (mortality scoring):
- Age > 40
- Malignancy
- HR > 120
- Initial body surface > 10%
- Serum urea > 10 mmol/L
- Glucose > 14 mmol/L
- Bicarb < 20
- Treatment options:
- Stop drug(最重要)
- Burn unit / ICU
- Cyclosporine 3-5 mg/kg/d × 7-10 天 — 最近 evidence 強化
- IVIG 1-2 g/kg total
- TNF-α inhibitor (etanercept) — promising
- Avoid systemic steroid(爭議;可能 ↑ mortality)
- Long-term sequelae:dry eyes, conjunctival adhesion, urethral stricture, scarring
21.3.0.4.3 RMSF & 其他 Rickettsia
- Doxycycline 即使 children(HRMSF mortality > tooth discoloration risk)
- Endemic typhus: R. typhi (flea-borne), worldwide including Taiwan
- Scrub typhus: O. tsutsugamushi (chigger-borne, Asia)
- Mediterranean spotted fever: R. conorii
21.3.0.4.4 Monkeypox(22E 新增)
- 2022 global outbreak(MSM 為主)
- 接觸傳染(含性接觸)
- 皮疹:vesiculobullous → pustular → crusted(同期,類似 smallpox)
- 多 self-limited 2-4 週
- 治療:tecovirimat(severe / immunocomp)
- 預防:JYNNEOS vaccine
21.3.0.4.5 Disseminated Gonococcemia
- Triad:dermatitis(hemorrhagic pustules)+ tenosynovitis + arthritis
- 多 young sexually active female
- Doxycycline + ceftriaxone(同 GC)
21.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (10 條)
- 「Petechial + fever in young = meningococcemia until proven otherwise」
- 「Pain out of proportion + crepitus + bullae = nec fasc」
- DRESS slow onset 2-8 weeks vs SJS 1-3 weeks
- HLA testing pre-prescription:B*1502 + carbamazepine in Taiwan/亞洲
- Doxycycline RMSF in children = OK
- Clindamycin in TSS = toxin suppression(不是殺菌)
- Kawasaki delay > 10 d → coronary aneurysm risk
- EBV + amoxicillin morbilliform 不是過敏
- Cyclosporine emerging > IVIG in TEN
- Long-term DRESS sequelae: 自體免疫(DM, thyroiditis)
21.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境
21.3.0.6.2 2. HIV
- Acute retroviral syndrome(mononucleosis-like + rash)
- 2° syphilis(手腳掌)
- Disseminated histoplasmosis、cryptococcosis
- Drug reactions ↑
21.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context
21.3.0.7.1 台灣常見 Fever + Rash
- 登革熱:南部夏秋、Saddle pattern fever、warning signs(abdominal pain, vomiting, mucosal bleed, lethargy, hepatomegaly, plt < 100k + Hct ↑)
- 腸病毒 (HFMD):手足口病、EV-71 重症(小腦炎)
- Kawasaki:兒科必考
- Mycoplasma rash:學齡兒
- DRESS by carbamazepine:HLA-B*1502 普及檢測 emerging
- Allopurinol SJS:HLA-B*5801 健保前檢測(風濕科 emerging)
21.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區
- Petechial 當瘀青漏 meningococcemia
- RMSF 不給 doxycycline 給小孩
- SJS/TEN 不停藥
- Nec fasc 等 CT
- Kawasaki 延誤 IVIG > 10 d
- DRESS 給短期 steroid 後 taper 太快
- **HLA-B*1502 + 給 carbamazepine without testing**(亞洲族群)
- EBV + amox 當過敏終身避 amox(不是真過敏)
- Kawasaki 沒做 echo coronary
- 登革熱不監測 warning signs(severe dengue 急救關鍵)
21.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測
21.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀
- IDSA Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Guidelines
- AAP RMSF Treatment Guideline
- DRESS Working Group consensus
- Kawasaki Disease AHA Guideline 2017
- 台灣 CDC 登革熱 / 腸病毒 / 麻疹監測
21.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 21 medstudent.md
- 國考衝刺 → Ch 21 board-prep.md
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 21
⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。