21.3 🩺 內科專科考前版

R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。最新指引、台灣登革熱 / 腸病毒 context。


21.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理

  • 22E 強調:早期辨識 5 致命 + drug-induced severe(DRESS, SJS/TEN)
  • Monkeypox 22E 新增(2022 outbreak)
  • DRESS syndrome 完整討論
  • Taiwan:登革熱、腸病毒、Kawasaki disease

21.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異

項目 21E 22E
Monkeypox 新增
DRESS syndrome
HLA-genotype testing 強化 (B1502, B5801)
RMSF empiric in pediatric 強化(doxycycline 即使小孩)
COVID-19 skin manifestations

21.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉

21.3.0.3.1 Drug Hypersensitivity 連續譜
  1. Morbilliform / maculopapular:Type IV delayed hypersensitivity(CD4/CD8 T cell)
  2. DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia + Systemic Symptoms):HHV-6/CMV reactivation 重要
  3. AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis):β-lactam, terbinafine
  4. SJS/TEN:HLA-restricted T cell response → keratinocyte apoptosis(granulysin, FasL, perforin)
21.3.0.3.2 Toxin-mediated 病
  • TSST-1, SpeA: superantigen → 全部 T cell V-β region 結合 → cytokine storm
  • Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
  • Treatment 含 toxin neutralization (clindamycin, IVIG)
21.3.0.3.3 Vasculitic 機轉
  • Immune complex deposition
  • Cryoglobulinemia
  • ANCA-associated
  • Rickettsial endothelial invasion

21.3.0.4 💊 進階診斷與治療

21.3.0.4.1 DRESS(必會)
  • 別名:DIHS (Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome)
  • 特徵
    • 起始 2-8 週 after 開始藥(慢於 SJS/TEN
    • Fever + diffuse rash
    • LAP (lymphadenopathy)
    • Eosinophilia + atypical lymphocytes
    • Multi-organ involvement(hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, pneumonitis)
    • HHV-6/CMV reactivation 常見
  • 觸發藥:anticonvulsants, sulfa, allopurinol, dapsone, minocycline, vancomycin
  • 處置
    • 停藥 + systemic steroid (1 mg/kg/d)
    • 多器官支持
    • 緩慢 taper(months)
    • Long-term sequelae:autoimmune(Type 1 DM, thyroiditis)
21.3.0.4.2 SJS / TEN 進階
  • SCORTEN (mortality scoring):
    • Age > 40
    • Malignancy
    • HR > 120
    • Initial body surface > 10%
    • Serum urea > 10 mmol/L
    • Glucose > 14 mmol/L
    • Bicarb < 20
  • Treatment options
    • Stop drug(最重要)
    • Burn unit / ICU
    • Cyclosporine 3-5 mg/kg/d × 7-10 天 — 最近 evidence 強化
    • IVIG 1-2 g/kg total
    • TNF-α inhibitor (etanercept) — promising
    • Avoid systemic steroid(爭議;可能 ↑ mortality)
  • Long-term sequelae:dry eyes, conjunctival adhesion, urethral stricture, scarring
21.3.0.4.3 RMSF & 其他 Rickettsia
  • Doxycycline 即使 children(HRMSF mortality > tooth discoloration risk)
  • Endemic typhus: R. typhi (flea-borne), worldwide including Taiwan
  • Scrub typhus: O. tsutsugamushi (chigger-borne, Asia)
  • Mediterranean spotted fever: R. conorii
21.3.0.4.4 Monkeypox(22E 新增)
  • 2022 global outbreak(MSM 為主)
  • 接觸傳染(含性接觸)
  • 皮疹:vesiculobullous → pustular → crusted(同期,類似 smallpox)
  • 多 self-limited 2-4 週
  • 治療:tecovirimat(severe / immunocomp)
  • 預防:JYNNEOS vaccine
21.3.0.4.5 Disseminated Gonococcemia
  • Triad:dermatitis(hemorrhagic pustules)+ tenosynovitis + arthritis
  • 多 young sexually active female
  • Doxycycline + ceftriaxone(同 GC)
21.3.0.4.6 Kawasaki Disease
  • 兒童 < 5 yo
  • CRASH and burn
    • Conjunctivitis(non-purulent)
    • Rash
    • Adenopathy(cervical)
    • Strawberry tongue / oropharyngeal
    • Hand / foot edema → desquamation
    • Burn = fever ≥ 5 days
  • TreatmentIVIG 2 g/kg + aspirin
  • 併發:Coronary aneurysm
21.3.0.4.7 Erythema Multiforme
  • Major vs Minor
  • HSV trigger 最常
  • Target lesion (concentric rings)
  • 多 self-limited
  • 與 SJS 不同(EM extremities, SJS trunk + 黏膜重)

21.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (10 條)

  1. 「Petechial + fever in young = meningococcemia until proven otherwise」
  2. 「Pain out of proportion + crepitus + bullae = nec fasc」
  3. DRESS slow onset 2-8 weeks vs SJS 1-3 weeks
  4. HLA testing pre-prescription:B*1502 + carbamazepine in Taiwan/亞洲
  5. Doxycycline RMSF in children = OK
  6. Clindamycin in TSS = toxin suppression(不是殺菌)
  7. Kawasaki delay > 10 d → coronary aneurysm risk
  8. EBV + amoxicillin morbilliform 不是過敏
  9. Cyclosporine emerging > IVIG in TEN
  10. Long-term DRESS sequelae: 自體免疫(DM, thyroiditis)

21.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境

21.3.0.6.1 1. 移植後 / 免疫低下
  • HSV/VZV reactivation
  • CMV
  • Disseminated fungal
  • DRESS
21.3.0.6.2 2. HIV
  • Acute retroviral syndrome(mononucleosis-like + rash)
  • 2° syphilis(手腳掌)
  • Disseminated histoplasmosis、cryptococcosis
  • Drug reactions ↑
21.3.0.6.3 3. 旅遊回國
  • Dengue:fever + rash + thrombocytopenia + 出血(warning signs)
  • Typhoid: rose spots
  • Leptospirosis: conjunctival suffusion + jaundice
  • Chikungunya: arthralgia 顯著
21.3.0.6.4 4. 嬰兒 fever + petechial
  • 必 LP rule out meningitis
  • Empiric ceftriaxone
21.3.0.6.5 5. ICU patient with rash
  • Drug
  • Catheter-related infection
  • Disseminated fungal
  • DRESS

21.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context

21.3.0.7.1 台灣常見 Fever + Rash
  • 登革熱:南部夏秋、Saddle pattern fever、warning signs(abdominal pain, vomiting, mucosal bleed, lethargy, hepatomegaly, plt < 100k + Hct ↑)
  • 腸病毒 (HFMD):手足口病、EV-71 重症(小腦炎)
  • Kawasaki:兒科必考
  • Mycoplasma rash:學齡兒
  • DRESS by carbamazepine:HLA-B*1502 普及檢測 emerging
  • Allopurinol SJS:HLA-B*5801 健保前檢測(風濕科 emerging)
21.3.0.7.2 健保 / 法規
  • HLA-B*1502 testing pre-carbamazepine:嚴重 ADR 案件後推廣
  • 登革熱、麻疹、TSS、meningococcal disease:法定傳染病通報
21.3.0.7.3 台灣 ID 分流
  • 嚴重 fever + rash → ID 會診 + ICU
  • 登革熱 → 社區、健保有專案
  • Carbamazepine SJS → 終生避相關藥(lamotrigine 也避)

21.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區

  1. Petechial 當瘀青漏 meningococcemia
  2. RMSF 不給 doxycycline 給小孩
  3. SJS/TEN 不停藥
  4. Nec fasc 等 CT
  5. Kawasaki 延誤 IVIG > 10 d
  6. DRESS 給短期 steroid 後 taper 太快
  7. **HLA-B*1502 + 給 carbamazepine without testing**(亞洲族群)
  8. EBV + amox 當過敏終身避 amox(不是真過敏)
  9. Kawasaki 沒做 echo coronary
  10. 登革熱不監測 warning signs(severe dengue 急救關鍵)

21.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測

21.3.0.9.1 高機率題型
  1. 5 致命 fever + rash 處置
  2. Drug eruption 連續譜(morbilliform → DRESS → SJS/TEN)
  3. HLA-pharmacogenomics
  4. Viral exanthem 特徵
  5. TSS Staph vs Strep
  6. Kawasaki criteria + IVIG
  7. DRESS multi-organ + steroid
  8. Monkeypox (22E new)
21.3.0.9.2 跨章節整合
  • Ch 20 Fever
  • Ch 22 FUO
  • Ch 59-64 Skin disorders
  • Ch 124 Approach to ID
  • Ch 165 Meningococcal
  • Ch 199 Rickettsia
  • Ch 217 VZV
  • Ch 213 EBV

21.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀

  • IDSA Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Guidelines
  • AAP RMSF Treatment Guideline
  • DRESS Working Group consensus
  • Kawasaki Disease AHA Guideline 2017
  • 台灣 CDC 登革熱 / 腸病毒 / 麻疹監測

21.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引


⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。