258 Ch 257. Cardiovascular Examination + History

History is 70-80% of cardiology diagnosis; JVP = volume status; arterial pulse = vascular tone + stenosis + insufficiency; PMI = LV enlargement / hypertrophy; heart sounds (S1-S4) + murmurs (location/timing/grade/dynamic maneuvers) systematic approach; valvular maneuvers (Valsalva, squat) distinguish HOCM vs AS; modern echo doesn’t replace physical exam but complements。