260.4 📌 章末速蚘

260.4.0.0.1 Modalities
  • TTE + TEE + Stress + 3D + Strain + Contrast + POCUS
260.4.0.0.2 Standard TTE Views
  • PLAX + PSAX + Apical 4C/2C/5C + Subcostal + Suprasternal
260.4.0.0.3 EF
  • HFrEF ≀ 40, HFmrEF 41-49, HFpEF ≥ 50
260.4.0.0.4 Severe AS
  • Peak velocity > 4 m/s, mean gradient > 40 mmHg, valve area < 1 cm²
260.4.0.0.5 Diastolic Function
  • E/A ratio + E/e’ (> 14 elevated filling)
260.4.0.0.6 TEE Indications
  • Endocarditis, pre-cardioversion AF (LAA thrombus), aortic dissection, embolic source, intraop
260.4.0.0.7 Strain (GLS)
  • Normal -18 to -22%; detects early LV dysfunction; cardio-oncology
260.4.0.0.8 Tamponade Echo
  • RA collapse diastole, RV collapse early diastole, IVC plethora, > 25% MV / > 40% TV respiratory variation
260.4.0.0.9 HCM
  • Septal hypertrophy + SAM + dynamic LVOT obstruction with Valsalva
260.4.0.0.10 Amyloidosis
  • Concentric LVH + sparkling + apical sparing on strain (cherry-on-top)
260.4.0.0.11 POCUS
  • Bedside; cardiac arrest, shock, dyspnea, trauma, volume status
260.4.0.0.12 McConnell’s Sign
  • RV free wall akinesis + apical sparing → acute PE
260.4.0.0.13 盧醫垫 hint
  • TTE = first imaging for most cardiac questions
  • TEE for endocarditis, AF cardioversion, aortic dissection, embolic source
  • Strain imaging (GLS) revolutionizing early dysfunction detection
  • HFpEF diagnosis requires diastolic function workup + E/e’ > 14
  • AI-echo emerging — increasing accuracy + workflow integration