114.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
114.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點
- 22E 重大進展:
- SWOG S1826 (NEJM 2024): Nivolumab-AVD > Brentuximab-AVD in advanced cHL(2-yr PFS 94% vs 86%, less peripheral neuropathy + GCSF need)→ 可能成新 frontline standard for advanced cHL
- ECHELON-1 6-yr update (Lancet 2022): BV-AVD 持續顯示 OS benefit over ABVD (OS 94% vs 89%) → 已成 advanced cHL 標準
- PET-adapted trials (RATHL, S0816, GHSG HD17, AHL2011): Interim PET 陰性 → 可降階(去 bleomycin / 去 RT),陽性 → 升階(escalated BEACOPP)
- AETHERA: BV maintenance post-ASCT for high-risk cHL → 5-yr PFS 59% vs 41% obs
- Anti-CD30 CAR-T(preclinical / phase 2):multiply relapsed cHL emerging option
- Survivorship focus: 50 年 follow-up data 顯示 secondary cancers (esp. breast post-chest RT) + CV mortality 為主因 — 推 RT 場 + dose 不斷下修
- Taiwan: 健保 ABVD / BEACOPP;brentuximab vedotin 條件給付(CD30+ R/R cHL post-ASCT 或不適 ASCT);nivolumab / pembrolizumab 健保 R/R cHL 條件給付(post-BV 或 ≥ 2 prior lines);ASCT 健保條件給付;CD30 CAR-T 自費 / trial only
114.3.0.2 🌟 Pearls (12)
- HRS cell biology: B-cell origin (Ig genes rearranged but not expressed) → NF-κB constitutive activation + JAK/STAT + AP-1 → 抗 apoptosis;周圍 inflammatory milieu 由 HRS 分泌 IL-13/IL-6/TGF-β/CCL5 維持
- 9p24.1 amplification: ~ 97% HRS cells;除 PD-L1 外也帶 PD-L2 + JAK2(同 chromosomal region)→ 三重 immune escape
- EBV-positive HL 有 較好 prognosis younger / 較差 prognosis older(age-dependent biology)
- Lymphocyte-depleted (LD) subtype 與 HIV / 老人 / 開發中國家相關;經常 misdiagnose 為 ALCL(兩者皆 CD30+)
- NLPHL 變異型:
THRLBCL-like pattern(T-cell histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma) 預後較差,治療同 DLBCL - PET-Adapted (Deauville score):1–3 = negative;4–5 = positive;interim PET- 可省 RT or 縮短 chemo;interim PET+ 升階 escBEACOPP 或 salvage(國際 trials)
- escBEACOPP 在 Germany 仍 standard for IPS ≥ 3 但 US 不採用;毒性高(infertility, t-MN)
- Salvage IO + chemo (BV+nivo, ICE+nivo, GND+pembro):CR rate 70%+ → 提高 ASCT eligibility + 後續 PFS
- Anti-CD30 CAR-T: Baylor / NIH cohort;ORR ~ 60% in R/R cHL(multiply relapsed post-BV + PD-1 i),仍 phase 2
- Pediatric AHOD studies: response-adapted(OEPA + RT 視 PET);台灣兒癌 follow COG 或 EuroNet protocols
- Allo-SCT for cHL:post-ASCT failure 仍 curative option for 30–40%(reduced-intensity conditioning + GVHL effect)
- Survivorship Care Plan (SCP): 心臟科 + 乳房 MRI(chest RT 女)+ 甲狀腺 + lung cancer screening (smoker) + dermatology + fertility / hormone counseling
114.3.0.3 📍 Taiwan + 健保
114.3.0.3.1 診斷
- 健保:CBC + ESR + LDH + albumin + HIV / HBV / HCV
- 健保:流式 + IHC(CD15, CD30, CD20, CD45, PAX5, EMA, BCL6, MUM1)
- 健保條件:EBER / EBV PCR
- 健保:PET-CT for HL staging + interim assessment + end-of-treatment
- 健保:BMA + biopsy(部分 indication,PET 替代功能 for cHL)
- 健保:PFT + Echo(pre-ABVD baseline)
114.3.0.3.2 治療
- ABVD / BEACOPP: 健保 frontline standard
- Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris): 健保條件給付:
- CD30+ R/R cHL post-ASCT
- 不適 ASCT 病人 (≥ 2 prior lines)
- AETHERA-like maintenance post-ASCT for high-risk
- ECHELON-1 frontline BV-AVD: 部分院所 NHI 條件給付(2024 起逐步擴大)
- Nivolumab / Pembrolizumab: 健保條件給付:
- R/R cHL post-BV
- 或 ≥ 2 prior lines + 不適 SCT
- Bendamustine, Gemcitabine, Vinorelbine, Cyclosporine: 健保條件
- HSCT (auto / allo): 健保條件給付
- Anti-CD30 CAR-T: 自費 / trial only(台大 / 林口長庚等中心)
114.3.0.4 🎓 內專必懂 (12)
- WHO HL 分類 + cHL 4 subtypes + NLPHL 病理特徵
- HRS cell biology + 9p24.1 PD-L1 amplification 機制
- PET-adapted treatment (Deauville score):interim PET response 如何指導療程
- Frontline trials:ABVD vs BV-AVD (ECHELON-1) vs Nivo-AVD (S1826) → 決策 tree
- escBEACOPP rationale:歐洲 group 為何用 + 為何 US 多不採
- AETHERA + BV maintenance post-ASCT indication
- Salvage IO + chemo: BV+nivo / ICE+nivo / GND+pembro 比較
- Anti-CD30 CAR-T 早期 data
- Allo-SCT in cHL:適應症 + 結果
- Late effects + SCP:cardio-onc, breast cancer, thyroid, infertility, second cancer
- NLPHL 治療:differentiated approach(IFRT alone for stage IA / R-CHOP for advanced)
- HIV-related cHL: cART concurrent + ABVD or BV-AVD; outcome 改善
114.3.0.5 🔬 進階機轉 / 試驗
114.3.0.5.1 主要 frontline trials timeline
| 年 | 試驗 | 結論 |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | GHSG HD8 / HD10 | Combined modality 短 chemo + low-dose RT for early favorable |
| 2007 | RAPID | PET-adapted 早期 RT 省略策略 |
| 2010s | RATHL | Bleomycin 早期省略(interim PET-)safe |
| 2018 | ECHELON-1 | BV-AVD 取代 ABVD 為 advanced cHL 標準 |
| 2019 | AHL2011 | escBEACOPP 與 ABVD PET-adapted 為 alternatives |
| 2020 | AETHERA 5-yr | BV maintenance benefit confirmed |
| 2022 | ECHELON-1 6-yr update | BV-AVD OS benefit confirmed |
| 2024 | SWOG S1826 | Nivo-AVD > BV-AVD for advanced cHL |
114.3.0.5.2 Salvage 後 ASCT outcome
| Salvage Regimen | CR rate | Post-ASCT 5-yr PFS |
|---|---|---|
| ICE | 30–40% | ~ 40% |
| GVD/GND | ~ 50% | ~ 50% |
| BV salvage | ~ 35% | ~ 50% |
| BV + nivo | ~ 75% | > 60% |
| ICE + nivo | ~ 70% | ~ 60% |
| GND + pembro | ~ 80% | TBD |
→ IO+chemo 顯著提高 CR + 後續 ASCT outcome
114.3.0.5.3 Long-term Toxicity Risk (per 1000 person-years, post-RT chest cohorts)
| Disease | Risk |
|---|---|
| Breast cancer (女性 < 30y RT) | 25–50x baseline at 25 yr |
| Lung cancer | 8x baseline |
| MI / stroke | 2–4x |
| Hypothyroidism | 30–50% over 20 yr |
| Sarcoma in RT field | rare but real |
→ 22E trends:減低 RT field + dose;BV-AVD / Nivo-AVD 取代 bleomycin(lung 保護);女性 < 30y RT 應最小化 chest RT field
114.3.0.6 ⚠️ 內專易錯點
- FNA 給 HL 作診斷 → RS cell < 1%, 容易 miss
- 不做 PFT before ABVD/Bleomycin → 缺 baseline,後續 toxicity 評估困難
- Bleomycin 持續用 in BV-AVD / Nivo-AVD 時代 → 風險 > 益處
- escBEACOPP 給 IPS 0–2 病人 → 過度治療 + 高 infertility / t-MN
- PD-1 i 給 chemo-naive frontline cHL outside trials → 標準仍是 BV-AVD(除非 nivo-AVD trial 可進)
- Allo-SCT 直接 skip ASCT → ASCT cure 50% post-relapse,allo 應為後續 backup
- NLPHL 用 ABVD 而非 IFRT alone for stage IA → 過度治療
- Survivorship 沒有 chest RT 女性 breast MRI 從 8 年後啟動
- Fertility preservation 沒做 in young patients
- HBV reactivation 不 prophylaxis before chemo
- Pel-Ebstein fever 誤為 FUO 不查 lymphoma
- PMBCL grey-zone lymphoma 誤判為 cHL → 治療 regimen 錯(PMBCL 需 DA-EPOCH-R)
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