303 Ch 302. Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease

呼吸系統診斷工具 多元：(1) imaging：CXR (first-line)、HRCT (ILD, infections)、CTPA (PE)、V/Q scan (PE in pregnancy/CKD)、PET-CT (cancer)、MRI、lung ultrasound (LUS) bedside game-changer；(2) PFT：spirometry (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC)、lung volumes (TLC, RV by body plethysmography)、DLCO、bronchodilator response、methacholine challenge、6MWT、CPET；(3) bronchoscopy：flexible (diagnostic + therapeutic)、rigid (foreign body, massive hemoptysis)、EBUS (mediastinal lymph nodes)、navigational + robotic for peripheral lesions；(4) sputum / pleural fluid：cytology、culture、Gram stain、AFB、cell count、protein/LDH (Light’s criteria)、ADA、pH；(5) biopsy：transbronchial (TBLB)、cryobiopsy、surgical (VATS / open)、percutaneous CT-guided；(6) molecular：NGS, liquid biopsy, biomarkers (NSCLC EGFR/ALK/ROS1/KRAS G12C)；(7) sleep：polysomnography (gold standard)、home sleep apnea test (HSAT)；2024-2026 趨勢：robotic bronchoscopy (Monarch, Ion) + AI image analysis + organoid culture for personalized therapy。