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1ïžâ£ HIV + Chronic Diarrhea Workup
- Multiplex GI panel (BioFire) â Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, etc.
- Modified acid-fast for Cryptosporidium + Cyclospora + Cystoisospora
- Modified trichrome for Microsporidia
- Stool C. difficile (post-antibiotic)
- Colonoscopy + biopsy if persistent
- ART optimization
2ïžâ£ Cryptosporidium + ART
- Immune reconstitution = primary cure mechanism
- Nitazoxanide adjunct (helps but doesnât cure alone in HIV)
- Some patients improve with ART alone
- Persistent diarrhea = poor prognosis
3ïžâ£ Milwaukee 1993 + Water Treatment
- Largest waterborne outbreak USA history
- 400,000+ cases
- Failure of water treatment
- Reinforced filtration + UV requirements
- Cryptosporidium awareness in water treatment
4ïžâ£ Cyclospora Foodborne Outbreaks (Ongoing 2024)
- USA seasonal outbreaks
- Imported produce
- FDA + USDA surveillance + import alerts
- Public education: wash produce, traveler precautions
5ïžâ£ Microsporidia + Ocular Disease
- Post-corneal trauma in healthy
- HIV-disseminated
- Treatment: albendazole + topical (fumagillin eye drops)
- Ophthalmology consultation
6ïžâ£ Giardia + Post-Infectious Lactose Intolerance
- Common (50%+ patients)
- Lasts weeks-months
- Lactose-free diet temporarily
- May persist long-term in some
- Consider in chronic post-Giardia symptoms
7ïžâ£ Nitazoxanide Spectrum
- Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Helminths, Norovirus, Influenza (off-label)
- Broad antiparasitic + antiviral + antibacterial
- Pediatric + pregnancy categories
- Limited resistance
9ïžâ£ å¥ä¿ / Taiwan
- éå ± outbreaks
- å¥ä¿ nitazoxanide, TMP-SMX, metronidazole for confirmed indications
- BioFire panel in select tertiary centers
- Travel + immigration awareness
10. Future + Vaccines
- Cryptosporidium vaccines in research
- Better diagnostic + treatment for Microsporidia
- mRNA approaches for parasitic vaccines