302.4 📋 章末速記 Summary

302.4.1 🔑 一句話總結

呼吸生理三大功能:ventilation、gas exchange、acid-base regulation;hypoxemia 5 大機轉:V/Q mismatch (#1)、shunt(O2 沒效)、hypoventilation(normal A-a gradient)、diffusion、low FiO2;hypercapnia 3 大機轉:alveolar hypoventilation、↑ dead space、↑ CO2 production;chronic cough > 8 wk:UACS + asthma + GERD = 80-90% 原因;hemoptysis > 200 mL/d = massive → bronchial artery embolization;ACE inhibitor cough 5-20% → switch to ARB;refractory cough:gefapixant (P2X3 antagonist) 2024 FDA。

302.4.2 💊 治療精要

  • chronic cough trial sequence:UACS (nasal steroid + antihistamine) → asthma (ICS / methacholine) → GERD (PPI + lifestyle) → HRCT + bronchoscopy if refractory → gefapixant
  • ACE inhibitor cough:switch to ARB
  • massive hemoptysis:ABC + selective intubation + bronchial artery embolization (definitive)
  • chronic hypercapnia:treat underlying (NIV for COPD, OSA, NM disease)

302.4.3 🎯 盧醫師的考前提醒

  1. shunt vs V/Q mismatch 鑑別關鍵 = O2 反應:shunt 不改善(如 ARDS、AV malformation、severe pneumonia consolidation),V/Q 改善(如 COPD、asthma、PE early)
  2. A-a gradient 三大用法:正常 + 低 PaO2 = hypoventilation 或 low FiO2;↑ + 低 PaO2 = V/Q、shunt、或 diffusion;正常範圍依年齡校正(age/4 + 4)
  3. chronic hypercapnia HCO3 compensation 公式:每升 10 mmHg ΔPaCO2 → HCO3 升 3.5 mEq/L(chronic);pH 接近正常即 chronic
  4. chronic cough > 8 wk 80-90% 為 UACS + asthma + GERD;ACE inhibitor cough 是經典藥物原因(5-20%)
  5. massive hemoptysis 定義:> 200 mL/d 或單次 > 100 mL;治療順序 = position (bleeding side down) → secure airway (selective intubation) → bronchoscopy → bronchial artery embolization (definitive for most) → surgery for refractory
  6. gefapixant 是 2024 FDA 核准的 refractory chronic cough 新利器(P2X3 antagonist)— COUGH-1/2 trials
  7. dyspnea 鑑別:心源(orthopnea、PND、S3、edema)vs 肺源(咳痰、wheeze、position-independent)vs anemia vs deconditioning
  8. pulse oximeter 在 dark skin 可能高估 SaO2(2024 FDA 關注),夜不確定時 ABG 仍是 gold standard
  9. chronic cough 鑑別 ACE inhibitor cough:可能在用藥後 weeks 至 months 才出現;停藥後 1-4 週改善;ARB 替代不會引起 cough
  10. DLCO 判讀:↓ ILD、emphysema、PH、anemia;↑ alveolar hemorrhage、polycythemia、asthma;用於 ILD diagnosis 與 monitoring