337.3 🏥 內科專科考前版

337.3.1 Mechanistic Deep Dive

337.3.1.1 Solute Clearance

  • Diffusion: concentration gradient
  • Convection: pressure-driven
  • Adsorption: surface binding
  • Different solutes (small vs middle vs protein-bound) cleared differently

337.3.1.2 Peritoneal Transport

  • Three-pore model
  • Small solutes: easy transit
  • Middle molecules: slower
  • Large molecules: slow
  • Glucose absorption affects ultrafiltration

337.3.2 Recent Trials & Updates

337.3.2.1 CONVINCE (2023) — HDF vs HD

  • Hemodiafiltration vs high-flux HD
  • ↓ All-cause mortality 23%
  • Practice-changing for Europe

337.3.2.2 Daily HD Trials

  • FHN Daily: improved CV outcomes
  • FHN Nocturnal: improved LV mass
  • Cost + acceptability remain barriers

337.3.2.3 Wearable Artificial Kidney (WAK)

  • Investigational
  • Continuous wearable
  • Phase 1-2 trials
  • Future direction

337.3.2.4 Adsorption Cartridges

  • HemaClear, MultiBic
  • For uremic toxins
  • Selected use

337.3.2.5 Bioartificial Kidney

  • BioMedicus, others
  • Combined dialysis + tubular cell function
  • Trials ongoing
  • Future

337.3.3 High-Yield Specialist Points

337.3.3.1 Dialysis Withdrawal

  • For futile cases
  • Multidisciplinary discussion
  • Palliative + hospice care
  • Withdrawal allowed (not euthanasia)
  • Family + caregiver support

337.3.3.2 Conservative Management

  • Not starting dialysis
  • For elderly with comorbidities
  • Symptom-focused care
  • Improving recognition

337.3.3.3 Calciphylaxis

  • Calcific uremic arteriolopathy
  • Severe complication
  • High mortality
  • Sodium thiosulfate, wound care
  • Parathyroidectomy if hyperPTH

337.3.3.4 Vasopressin V2 Antagonists in PD

  • Tolvaptan
  • For ADPKD progression
  • Continued on PD in some

337.3.3.5 Dialysis-Resistant Patients

  • Severe pruritus
  • Persistent hyperphosphatemia
  • Vascular calcification
  • Multidisciplinary

337.3.3.6 Vaccinations in Dialysis

  • Flu (yearly), pneumococcal (PCV20 + PPSV23), COVID (boosted), hepatitis B (high-dose), RSV ≥ 60
  • Don’t give live vaccines

337.3.3.7 Infection Prevention

  • Hand hygiene
  • Aseptic catheter care
  • Mupirocin prophylaxis (PD exit site, nasal staph)
  • Screening for hepatitis B/C, HIV regularly

337.3.3.8 Cardiac Issues

  • LVH common
  • Pericardial effusion
  • Coronary calcification
  • HF (HFpEF + HFrEF)
  • Sudden cardiac death (electrolytes)

337.3.3.9 Sexual + Reproductive

  • Decreased libido, ED
  • Anovulation (women)
  • Pregnancy rare but possible
  • Preconception counseling

337.3.3.10 Nutrition Issues

  • Protein-energy wasting common
  • Sarcopenia
  • Dialyzable amino acid losses (some)
  • Nutritional support
  • Renal dietitian

337.3.3.11 Mental Health

  • Depression 30-40%
  • Anxiety common
  • Cognitive decline
  • Multidisciplinary

337.3.3.12 Care Coordination

  • Multidisciplinary team
  • Nephrologist + nurse + dietitian + social worker + pharmacist + cardiologist + others

337.3.3.13 Transplant Listing

  • Pre-emptive ideal
  • After RRT start common
  • Listing criteria + comorbidity assessment
  • Long wait times typically

337.3.4 Pearls

  • IDEAL 2010: defer dialysis until symptomatic
  • AV fistula gold standard
  • CONVINCE 2023: HDF > HD for mortality
  • Difelikefalin (FDA 2021): HD pruritus
  • PD peritonitis: cardinal — cloudy + intraperitoneal antibiotics
  • Calciphylaxis: severe, high mortality, sodium thiosulfate
  • Conservative management option for elderly multimorbid
  • Transplant > dialysis for survival + QoL