22.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。系統化 workup、最新 imaging、台灣 endemic disease、罕見原因。
22.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理
- 22E 強調:PET-CT 已成為 FUO workup early test
- Genetic testing for autoinflammatory 興起(FMF, TRAPS, PFAPA, Behcet)
- HLH 鑑別: secondary HLH 在 cancer / infection / autoimmune 重要
- Taiwan:登革熱、Q fever、scrub typhus、TB、Brucella 都要考慮
22.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異
| 項目 | 21E | 22E |
|---|---|---|
| PET-CT in FUO | 提 | 強化(first-line emerging) |
| Autoinflammatory genetic | 略 | 強化(FMF, TRAPS, etc.) |
| HLH | 略 | 強化 secondary HLH |
| COVID-19 prolonged fever | — | 提 |
| AI/ML decision support | — | 提 |
22.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉
22.3.0.3.1 Inflammation 持續 Pyrogen Source
- Tumor necrosis: cytokines spill
- Granuloma: chronic ongoing IL-1, TNF, IL-6
- Autoimmune: persistent immune activation
- Autoinflammatory: innate immune dysregulation(IL-1 axis 為主)
22.3.0.3.2 Autoinflammatory Periodic Fevers
- FMF (Familial Mediterranean Fever):
- 中東/亞美尼亞/南歐族群
- MEFV gene mutation → pyrin pathway
- 發作短(< 72 hr)+ 自限性
- Colchicine 預防
- 風險:amyloidosis(renal)
- TRAPS (TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome)
- HIDS (Hyper-IgD Syndrome)
- CAPS (Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes)
- PFAPA(小孩 fever + aphthous + pharyngitis + adenitis)
- Treatment:colchicine, anti-IL-1 (anakinra, canakinumab)
22.3.0.3.3 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
- Hyperinflammation + cytokine storm
- 8 of 5/8 criteria(HLH-2004):
- Fever
- Splenomegaly
- Cytopenia (≥ 2 lineage)
- Hypertriglyceridemia OR fibrinogen 低
- Hyperferritinemia ≥ 500 (> 10,000 highly specific)
- Hemophagocytosis on bone marrow
- Low or absent NK cell activity
- High soluble CD25
- Primary HLH: 兒童 + genetic
- Secondary HLH: 成人 + cancer (lymphoma) / infection (EBV) / autoimmune
- Treatment: HLH-94 protocol (etoposide + dex)、targeted therapy
22.3.0.4 💊 進階 Workup Strategy
22.3.0.4.1 Imaging Hierarchy
- CXR — basic
- CT chest + abdomen + pelvis with contrast
- PET-CT ↑ — 22E 強調 increasingly first-line
- Echo (TTE → TEE) — 疑 IE
- MRI — CNS, spine, deep tissue
- Tagged WBC scan / Gallium scan — 部分情境
22.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (12 條)
- 「Repeat history daily」 — 病人會記起新事
- Travel + animal + occupation Hx 是 FUO 黃金
- AOSD = ferritin > 10,000 + glycosylated < 20%
- HLH = ferritin > 10,000 + 多臟器 + cytopenia
- Adult HLH 多 secondary(cancer / EBV / autoimmune)
- GCA 不等 biopsy → 給 steroid
- PET-CT 越來越 first-line
- Drug fever + Faget sign → 停藥試試
- 30% undiagnosed FUO 預後 OK
- Cyclic fever + Mediterranean ancestry → FMF
- Atrial myxoma rare but classic FUO cause
- Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei):陽性病人 FUO + arthralgia + 腹瀉
22.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境
22.3.0.6.1 1. 移植後 FUO
- CMV reactivation
- BK virus
- Disseminated mycoses
- PTLD(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)
- Drug fever(calcineurin inhibitor)
- GVHD
22.3.0.6.2 2. ICU / 住院 FUO (Nosocomial)
- CLABSI
- VAP
- C. diff
- Acalculous cholecystitis
- Decubitus ulcer infection
- Sinusitis(NG tube)
- DVT
- Drug fever
- Transfusion reaction
22.3.0.6.3 3. HIV FUO
- Disseminated MAC
- TB(incl. extrapulmonary)
- Histoplasmosis
- Cryptococcosis
- CMV
- PCP(usually less prolonged)
- Lymphoma(AIDS-associated)
- Bartonella
- Kaposi sarcoma
22.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context
22.3.0.7.1 台灣 FUO 流行病學
- Infection 比例可能更高(TB, infective endocarditis 仍流行)
- TB 仍 endemic(1.3%/年 incidence in elderly)
- Q fever 在農牧區
- Scrub typhus 山區、軍人
- Leptospirosis 颱風 / 洪災後
- Dengue 南部夏秋
- Brucellosis 罕(食 unpasteurized 乳製品)
22.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區
- Empiric antibiotic for classic FUO
- 老人 FUO 不查 GCA
- Ferritin 極高不查 AOSD or HLH
- HIV+ FUO 不評估 CD4 + opportunistic
- Drug fever 不停可疑藥
- 不重複 detailed history
- 不做 BC × 3
- PET-CT abuse 不依 indication
- 不評估 IE in IVDU + new murmur
- Empirical steroid 不確認 NIID
22.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測
22.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀
- IDSA Guidelines for Fever and Neutropenia
- Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB. Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases. Medicine 1961;40:1-30
- Bleeker-Rovers et al. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine 2007
- HLH-2004 protocol
- Yamaguchi criteria for AOSD
- 台灣感染症醫學會 FUO 指引
22.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 22 medstudent.md
- 國考衝刺 → Ch 22 board-prep.md
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 22
⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。