22.3 🩺 內科專科考前版

R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。系統化 workup、最新 imaging、台灣 endemic disease、罕見原因。


22.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理

  • 22E 強調:PET-CT 已成為 FUO workup early test
  • Genetic testing for autoinflammatory 興起(FMF, TRAPS, PFAPA, Behcet)
  • HLH 鑑別: secondary HLH 在 cancer / infection / autoimmune 重要
  • Taiwan:登革熱、Q fever、scrub typhus、TB、Brucella 都要考慮

22.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異

項目 21E 22E
PET-CT in FUO 強化(first-line emerging)
Autoinflammatory genetic 強化(FMF, TRAPS, etc.)
HLH 強化 secondary HLH
COVID-19 prolonged fever
AI/ML decision support

22.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉

22.3.0.3.1 Inflammation 持續 Pyrogen Source
  • Tumor necrosis: cytokines spill
  • Granuloma: chronic ongoing IL-1, TNF, IL-6
  • Autoimmune: persistent immune activation
  • Autoinflammatory: innate immune dysregulation(IL-1 axis 為主)
22.3.0.3.2 Autoinflammatory Periodic Fevers
  • FMF (Familial Mediterranean Fever)
    • 中東/亞美尼亞/南歐族群
    • MEFV gene mutation → pyrin pathway
    • 發作短(< 72 hr)+ 自限性
    • Colchicine 預防
    • 風險:amyloidosis(renal)
  • TRAPS (TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome)
  • HIDS (Hyper-IgD Syndrome)
  • CAPS (Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes)
  • PFAPA(小孩 fever + aphthous + pharyngitis + adenitis)
  • Treatment:colchicine, anti-IL-1 (anakinra, canakinumab)
22.3.0.3.3 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
  • Hyperinflammation + cytokine storm
  • 8 of 5/8 criteria(HLH-2004):
    • Fever
    • Splenomegaly
    • Cytopenia (≥ 2 lineage)
    • Hypertriglyceridemia OR fibrinogen 低
    • Hyperferritinemia ≥ 500 (> 10,000 highly specific)
    • Hemophagocytosis on bone marrow
    • Low or absent NK cell activity
    • High soluble CD25
  • Primary HLH: 兒童 + genetic
  • Secondary HLH: 成人 + cancer (lymphoma) / infection (EBV) / autoimmune
  • Treatment: HLH-94 protocol (etoposide + dex)、targeted therapy

22.3.0.4 💊 進階 Workup Strategy

22.3.0.4.1 Imaging Hierarchy
  1. CXR — basic
  2. CT chest + abdomen + pelvis with contrast
  3. PET-CT ↑ — 22E 強調 increasingly first-line
  4. Echo (TTE → TEE) — 疑 IE
  5. MRI — CNS, spine, deep tissue
  6. Tagged WBC scan / Gallium scan — 部分情境
22.3.0.4.2 PET-CT 優勢
  • 全身一次掃完
  • 敏感於 inflammation + malignancy
  • 引導 biopsy site
  • 缺點:specificity 限、成本高、健保條件
22.3.0.4.3 Targeted Biopsy Indications
  • Bone marrow:lymphoma, leukemia, TB, mycoses, HLH
  • Lymph node:persistent enlargement > 2 cm
  • Liver:granulomatous hepatitis (TB, sarcoid, lymphoma)
  • Temporal artery:> 50yo + GCA suspicion
  • Skin:unusual rash with FUO
22.3.0.4.4 Empiric Treatment Trial

「不 routine 推薦」,但部分情境可: - Anti-TB trial:高度疑 TB(developing countries) - Steroid trial:highly suggestive GCA in elderly - Heparin:VTE 疑


22.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (12 條)

  1. 「Repeat history daily」 — 病人會記起新事
  2. Travel + animal + occupation Hx 是 FUO 黃金
  3. AOSD = ferritin > 10,000 + glycosylated < 20%
  4. HLH = ferritin > 10,000 + 多臟器 + cytopenia
  5. Adult HLH 多 secondary(cancer / EBV / autoimmune)
  6. GCA 不等 biopsy → 給 steroid
  7. PET-CT 越來越 first-line
  8. Drug fever + Faget sign → 停藥試試
  9. 30% undiagnosed FUO 預後 OK
  10. Cyclic fever + Mediterranean ancestry → FMF
  11. Atrial myxoma rare but classic FUO cause
  12. Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei):陽性病人 FUO + arthralgia + 腹瀉

22.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境

22.3.0.6.1 1. 移植後 FUO
  • CMV reactivation
  • BK virus
  • Disseminated mycoses
  • PTLD(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)
  • Drug fever(calcineurin inhibitor)
  • GVHD
22.3.0.6.2 2. ICU / 住院 FUO (Nosocomial)
  • CLABSI
  • VAP
  • C. diff
  • Acalculous cholecystitis
  • Decubitus ulcer infection
  • Sinusitis(NG tube)
  • DVT
  • Drug fever
  • Transfusion reaction
22.3.0.6.3 3. HIV FUO
  • Disseminated MAC
  • TB(incl. extrapulmonary)
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • CMV
  • PCP(usually less prolonged)
  • Lymphoma(AIDS-associated)
  • Bartonella
  • Kaposi sarcoma
22.3.0.6.4 4. 老人 FUO
  • GCA / PMR 必查
  • 隱藏 malignancy(lymphoma, RCC)
  • IE
  • TB 再活化
  • Diverticular abscess
22.3.0.6.5 5. 旅遊 FUO
  • Malaria(thick + thin smear × 3)
  • Typhoid
  • Dengue
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Q fever
  • Visceral leishmaniasis
  • Rickettsial(scrub, RMSF)
22.3.0.6.6 6. 兒童 FUO
  • 病因 spectrum 不同
  • Kawasaki, JIA-systemic (=AOSD pediatric)
  • PFAPA
  • Inflammatory bowel
  • Cyclic neutropenia
  • TB
  • Bone osteomyelitis

22.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context

22.3.0.7.1 台灣 FUO 流行病學
  • Infection 比例可能更高(TB, infective endocarditis 仍流行)
  • TB 仍 endemic(1.3%/年 incidence in elderly)
  • Q fever 在農牧區
  • Scrub typhus 山區、軍人
  • Leptospirosis 颱風 / 洪災後
  • Dengue 南部夏秋
  • Brucellosis 罕(食 unpasteurized 乳製品)
22.3.0.7.2 健保 / Workup
  • PET-CT for FUO:健保有條件給付(infection vs malignancy 鑑別困難情境)
  • TB IGRA:健保
  • HIV testing:健保
  • Echo TTE/TEE:健保
  • Bone marrow biopsy:健保
22.3.0.7.3 台灣特殊
  • TB 再活化老人需高警覺
  • Stevens-Johnson + drug fever 在 anticonvulsant 使用群
  • NIID 比例上升(風濕免疫科覺察 ↑)
22.3.0.7.4 台灣 ID + Rheumatology 協同
  • 大多 FUO workup 由 ID + 風濕免疫共照
  • 醫學中心 FUO clinic emerging

22.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區

  1. Empiric antibiotic for classic FUO
  2. 老人 FUO 不查 GCA
  3. Ferritin 極高不查 AOSD or HLH
  4. HIV+ FUO 不評估 CD4 + opportunistic
  5. Drug fever 不停可疑藥
  6. 不重複 detailed history
  7. 不做 BC × 3
  8. PET-CT abuse 不依 indication
  9. 不評估 IE in IVDU + new murmur
  10. Empirical steroid 不確認 NIID

22.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測

22.3.0.9.1 高機率題型
  1. Petersdorf definition
  2. 4 types FUO
  3. 4 病因 % 分布
  4. AOSD Yamaguchi
  5. HLH criteria
  6. GCA in elderly FUO
  7. PET-CT indication
  8. Faget sign 6 病
  9. Drug fever 特徵
  10. HIV OI by CD4
22.3.0.9.2 跨章節整合
  • Ch 20 Fever
  • Ch 21 Fever + Rash
  • Ch 124 Approach to ID
  • Ch 144 IE
  • Ch 188 TB
  • Ch 109 Lymphoma
  • Ch 375 Vasculitis (GCA)
  • Ch 372 SLE
  • Ch 197 HIV

22.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀

  • IDSA Guidelines for Fever and Neutropenia
  • Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB. Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases. Medicine 1961;40:1-30
  • Bleeker-Rovers et al. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine 2007
  • HLH-2004 protocol
  • Yamaguchi criteria for AOSD
  • 台灣感染症醫學會 FUO 指引

22.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引


⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。