239.2 ð åèç
239.2.0.1 å¿ è â 3 Main Filariae
| Disease | Pathogen | Vector | Geography |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphatic Filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti + Brugia | Mosquito | Africa, Asia, Pacific |
| Onchocerciasis | Onchocerca volvulus | Black fly (Simulium) | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Loiasis | Loa loa | Deer fly (Chrysops) | W + C African rainforest |
239.2.0.2 å¿ è â Lymphatic Filariasis
- Mosquito-borne
- Lymphedema + elephantiasis + hydrocele
- Acute adenolymphangitis episodic
- Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) â hyperreactive S Asian form
- Diagnosis: nocturnal blood microfilariae (W. bancrofti) + CFA ICT card + ultrasound (filaria dance sign)
- Treatment: DEC + albendazole (individual); MDA with albendazole + ivermectin OR + DEC; doxycycline for Wolbachia adults
239.2.0.3 å¿ è â Onchocerciasis (âRiver Blindnessâ)
- Black fly (Simulium) breeds in fast-flowing rivers
- Subcutaneous nodules + skin disease (pruritus, leopard skin, hanging groin) + eye disease (river blindness)
- Diagnosis: skin snip (microfilariae) + slit-lamp + serology + PCR
- Treatment:
- Ivermectin annually (kills microfilariae, not adults)
- Doxycycline à 6 weeks kills Wolbachia â adult worms die
- Combination for individuals
- Mectizan Donation Program (Merck) â free ivermectin for endemic Africa since 1987
239.2.0.4 å¿ è â Loiasis
- Deer fly (Chrysops) â Central + W African rainforest
- Visible eye worm (pathognomonic) + Calabar swellings + microfilaremia
- Daytime periodicity (Chrysops daytime biter)
- Diagnosis: daytime microfilariae + visible eye worm + serology
- Treatment: DEC with caution for high MF load (encephalopathy)
- Pre-treatment albendazole / apheresis for high MF (> 8000/mL)
- Ivermectin alternative; same caution
239.2.0.5 å¿ è â DEC + High Loa Load = Mazzotti Encephalopathy
8000 MF/mL â severe encephalopathy + coma + death
- Pre-treatment screening + staged approach + steroid + ICU monitoring
- Major caveat for treatment + MDA programs
239.2.0.6 å¿ è â Ivermectin in Onchocerciasis MDA
- Loa loa pre-screening in Central Africa
- High MF load + ivermectin = encephalopathy risk
- Pre-treatment albendazole for high MF
- Implementation challenge
239.2.0.7 å¿ è â Mass Drug Administration
| Disease | MDA Drugs |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic Filariasis | Albendazole + Ivermectin (where Loa absent); Albendazole + DEC (Asia, Pacific, Latin America); Triple IDA (newest) |
| Onchocerciasis | Ivermectin (free from Mectizan Donation Program) |
| Loiasis | No routine MDA (encephalopathy risk) |
239.2.0.8 å¿ è â Wolbachia Endosymbiont
- Bacterial endosymbiont of most filariae (Onchocerca, W. bancrofti, Brugia)
- Targeted by doxycycline â kills adult worms + sterilizes
- Major target for individual + targeted therapy