179.1 ð é«åžçç
179.1.0.1 ð äžé éé»
- Anaerobic bacteria â commensals in GI / mouth / skin / GU; mostly opportunistic when barrier breached
- Gram + anaerobes:
- Spore-formers: Clostridium (Ch 157-160 â separate covered)
- Non-spore-formers: Actinomyces, Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium), Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium
- Gram - anaerobes:
- Bacteroides fragilis group (most important clinically) â colon, intra-abdominal
- Prevotella, Porphyromonas â oral, lung abscess
- Fusobacterium â oral, Lemierreâs syndrome (jugular vein thrombophlebitis post-tonsillitis), lung abscess
- èšåº syndromes (often polymicrobial):
- Intra-abdominal sepsis (perforation, abscess)
- Aspiration pneumonia + lung abscess (mouth flora aspiration)
- Brain abscess (dental / sinus / lung source)
- Skin/soft tissue (NF, gas gangrene, diabetic foot) â see Clostridium chapter for gas gangrene
- OB/GYN (PID, postpartum endometritis, septic abortion)
- Lemierreâs syndrome â Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Bite wounds (animal + human â see Ch 164)
- Antimicrobial:
- Metronidazole â best for B. fragilis + many GN anaerobes; NOT cover Actinomyces / Propionibacterium / aerobic
- β-lactam/inhibitor (pip-tazo, amox-clav, amp-sulb) â good anaerobe + aerobe
- Carbapenems (mero, imi, ertapenem) â excellent anaerobe + aerobe (often empirical severe)
- Clindamycin â historically Bacteroides standard but rising R (now 30-50% R); still useful for oral anaerobes
- Moxifloxacin â anaerobe coverage (CAP intra-abd indication)
- Tigecycline, eravacycline â broad
- NOT cover anaerobes: cephalosporins 1st-3rd gen (except cefoxitin / cefotetan = cephamycins), aminoglycosides, FQ (except moxi), vancomycin
179.1.0.2 1ïžâ£ 现èåž + èŽç
179.1.0.2.1 ç°å¢
- Cannot survive in O2
- Endogenous flora (commensal at mucosal sites)
- Pathogenic when mucosa breached, devitalized tissue, immunocompromise, polymicrobial synergy
179.1.0.2.2 å ±çäœçœ®
- Oral: Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces
- Lower GI / colon: Bacteroides (>10^10/g feces, predominant), Prevotella
- Skin: Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes
- GU: Lactobacillus + Anaerococcus
179.1.0.2.3 èŽç æºå¶
- Breach of mucosal barrier (surgery, trauma, perforation, dental procedure)
- Reduced O2 (devitalized tissue, ischemia)
- Polymicrobial synergy with facultative organisms
- Virulence factors: capsule, β-lactamase, succinic acid (chemotaxis inhibition)
- 圢æ abscess â low O2 â favors anaerobe
179.1.0.3 2ïžâ£ Bacteroides fragilis Group
- ~ 0.5% colon flora but disproportionate disease
- Capsule polysaccharide complex â virulence + abscess formation
- β-lactamase universal â intrinsic R amox / amp / cefazolin
- Metronidazole historical first-line â R rising (~ 5-15% in some surveys)
- Carbapenem R rising (cfiA gene + metallo β-lactamase)
- Clindamycin R 30-50%
179.1.0.4 3ïžâ£ Aspiration Pneumonia + Lung Abscess
179.1.0.4.1 æµè¡ç åž
- Risk: altered consciousness (stroke, seizure, EtOH, anesthesia), dysphagia, NG tube, mechanical vent
- é£ / åŸæ¶² â èº (gravity-dependent â posterior segments upper lobes if supine, lower lobes if upright)
179.1.0.5 4ïžâ£ Brain Abscess
- Source: dental, sinus, OM, lung abscess, IDU, hematogenous, post-NSx
- Usually polymicrobial
- Streptococcus + anaerobe + GN typically
179.1.0.6 5ïžâ£ Lemierreâs Syndrome
179.1.0.6.1 æ©èœ
- Fusobacterium necrophorum â oral commensal turning pathogen
- Throat infection (tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess) â invasion of parapharyngeal space â IJV thrombophlebitis â septic emboli (lung most common â multifocal nodular pneumonia)
- âForgotten diseaseâ pre-COVID â actually returning frequency in young healthy
179.1.0.7 6ïžâ£ OB/GYN Anaerobic Infections
- PID â Bacteroides, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus + N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia (mixed)
- Postpartum endometritis â anaerobes + GBS + GN
- Septic abortion (especially incomplete) â multiple anaerobe + Clostridium sordellii (rare äœ deadly)
- Tubo-ovarian abscess â drainage + clindamycin + gentamicin + ampicillin (or pip-tazo)
179.1.0.8 7ïžâ£ Treatment Summary by Site
| Site | Empirical |
|---|---|
| Intra-abdominal community | Cefoxitin / amp-sulb / amox-clav (moderate) or pip-tazo / mero (severe) |
| Intra-abdominal nosocomial | Pip-tazo, mero, ceftolozane-tazo |
| Aspiration pneumonia community | Amox-clav or clindamycin |
| HAP / VAP aspiration | Pip-tazo + vanco |
| Lung abscess | Pip-tazo (or clindamycin à 4-6 wk) ± drainage |
| Empyema | Pip-tazo + drainage |
| Brain abscess | Ceftriaxone + metronidazole + vanco |
| Lemierreâs | Pip-tazo or metronidazole + ceftriaxone à 4-6 wk |
| PID | Ceftriaxone + doxy + metro |
| Septic abortion | Pip-tazo or amp + gent + clindamycin |
| Diabetic foot deep | Pip-tazo + vanco; debridement |