429.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
429.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點
- 22E updates / 新藥:
- Givosiran(Givlaari,FDA 2019):first siRNA therapeutic for AIP/HCP/VP;hepatic ALAS1 silencing;q4 wk SC;recurrent acute attack 顯著降 ~74%
- Afamelanotide(Scenesse,FDA 2019):α-MSH analog SC implant for EPP;延長 sun tolerance time
- Liver transplantation 確認對 severe refractory AIP curative(biochemical normalization)
- HSCT for severe CEP — 完全 cure
- DAA HCV therapy 革命性改變 PCT 預後
- AAV gene therapy for AIP(HMBS replacement)— phase I/II ongoing
- Bitopertin(GlyT1 inhibitor):減少 ALA precursor,phase II for EPP
- 內分泌相關:
- AIP 與雌激素強相關 — 開 OCP/HRT 前要 screen porphyria family Hx
- PCT 與 DM、HFE、HCV 共病 — 內分泌門診糖尿病病人若有「手背反復水疱」要驗
- EPP / 嚴重 hepatic porphyria 可需 liver transplant — 內科病房 ddx
- Taiwan:
- 健保 IV hemin(人道專案,需個案申請)
- Givosiran 自費(每月約 60-80 萬台幣,極貴)
- Afamelanotide 自費(implant 約 1-2 萬美元 / dose)
- 健保 phlebotomy(PCT)、low-dose hydroxychloroquine
- 學會:Taiwan Society of Hematology、TES、皮膚科學會;國際:American Porphyria Foundation、European Porphyria Network、United Porphyrias Association
429.3.0.2 🌟 Pearls(15 條 board-style)
429.3.0.2.1 AIP / Acute Hepatic Porphyrias
- Penetrance 是低的(~10%)但 trigger-driven:AIP 病人多輩子無發作;發作通常需要「多重 trigger 同時」(藥物 + 飢餓 + 月經 + stress)
- 「Saline + glucose 即可解 mild attack」:mild attack(沒有 motor weakness、沒有 hyponatremia、無 autonomic instability)可單獨用 IV glucose 300-500 g/d 觀察 24 小時,moderate-severe 直接 hemin
- Hemin extravasation 是嚴重併發症(化學性 phlebitis、皮膚壞死)— 建議 central line 或 dilute in 25% human albumin
- SIADH in AIP 急性發作非常常見(~50%)— Na 校正不可快(avoid osmotic demyelination)
- Motor neuropathy 可進展至 quadriparesis + respiratory failure — ICU admit + 呼吸監測 indicated when 出現 motor sign
- Givosiran 副作用:注射部位反應、AST/ALT 上升(5-15%)、Cr ↑(~14%,要追腎)、homocysteine ↑(B6 缺乏 → 神經病變 risk → 同時補 B6 + folate + B12)
- AIP 終身 HCC risk ↑(4-倍)+ HTN/CKD risk ↑ — 即使無臨床發作的 carrier 也應 q6-12 mo 肝臟 imaging + 腎 function monitoring
- Pregnancy in AIP:多數 stable,但 ~25% 發作;建議 high-risk OB 共照、避免 starvation、選 safe drugs(labetalol、methyldopa);產後 OCP 改用 progestin-only(避免 combined)
429.3.0.2.2 PCT
- PCT 必驗 6 項:HCV、HIV、HFE C282Y/H63D、ferritin、transferrin sat、glucose/HbA1c
- Type 1 sporadic PCT vs Type 2 familial(heterozygous UROD)vs Type 3 familial without UROD mutation:基因鑑定影響家族 counseling,但治療相同
- HCC surveillance in PCT:5-倍 risk(特別 PCT + HCV + cirrhosis),US + AFP q6 mo
- HEP(hepatoerythropoietic porphyria)= homozygous UROD mutation = severe PCT-like + CEP-like,多兒童發病
429.3.0.2.3 EPP / XLP
- EPP 肝病 5% 進展至 acute liver failure / cirrhosis — 需 liver transplant 加 BMT(因為 marrow 是 PROTO 來源,純肝移植會復發肝病)
- XLP(X-linked protoporphyria):ALAS2 exon 11 gain-of-function;男 hemizygous 嚴重,女 heterozygous 可有變異 lyonization 表現
- EPP / XLP 監測:Annual LFT、abdominal US、bone mineral density、25-OH-vitamin D(避光導致 D 缺乏)
429.3.0.3 📍 Taiwan + 健保
429.3.0.3.1 藥物可近性
- IV hemin(heme arginate / hematin):台灣沒有正式上市的 hemin;急性 AIP attack 多透過人道專案或國際採購(Normosang from Recordati;Panhematin from Recordati Rare Diseases),費用高且取得困難
- Givosiran(Givlaari):自費,未納健保;台灣已有藥廠引進但每月費用 ~60-80 萬 TWD
- Afamelanotide:自費;台灣尚未正式上市,需透過國際採購
- Hydroxychloroquine、chloroquine:健保(同 SLE/RA 適應症),PCT 用 off-label low-dose
- β-carotene:OTC supplement
- Phlebotomy:健保(PCT 適應症)
- Treatment of comorbidities:DAA for HCV 健保(C 肝全口服已健保)、phlebotomy / iron chelator for HFE 健保
429.3.0.4 🎓 內專必懂(15)
- Heme biosynthesis 8 enzymes 與對應疾病(map)
- AIP 5P + diagnosis + acute tx + givosiran
- HCP + VP 與 AIP 鑑別(fecal porphyrin、plasma fluorescence 626 nm for VP)
- PCT triggers 6 個共病 + tx 三大主軸
- EPP(immediate, non-blistering)+ afamelanotide
- XLP(ALAS2 GoF)vs EPP(FECH LoF)
- CEP / Günther + HSCT
- Acute attack treatment cascade(IV hemin、glucose、避 trigger、givosiran)
- Unsafe drug list(記憶 + Drug Database 查詢習慣)
- AIP carrier 長期 HCC + HTN + CKD surveillance
- Pregnancy in AIP 處置
- Givosiran 副作用 + 機轉
- Hemin extravasation 預防
- PCT HCC surveillance
- EPP 肝病進展 + liver + BMT transplant
429.3.0.5 ⚙️ Acute Hepatic Porphyria Workflow(內專)
Step 1 — 臨床懷疑
- Triad: 不明腹痛 + 神經精神症 + 暗紅尿
- Normal abdominal CT + 正常 lipase + 正常 WBC
- ddx: lead poisoning, AIP, HCP, VP, ADP
Step 2 — Screening
- Spot urine PBG(quantitative + qualitative)
- Spot urine ALA + creatinine
- 24h collection NOT required
- 若 PBG 顯著 ↑↑↑ → acute hepatic porphyria 確定
Step 3 — Typing
- Urine porphyrins fractionation
- Fecal porphyrins
- Plasma porphyrins + fluorescence emission peak
- AIP: 619 nm
- VP: 626 nm(specific)
- RBC HMB-synthase activity(低 → AIP)
Step 4 — Genetic confirmation
- HMBS(AIP)、CPOX(HCP)、PPOX(VP)、ALAD(ADP)
- 一級親屬 cascade screening(penetrance 低但有風險)
Step 5 — Acute attack management
- Admit if motor symptoms、SIADH、autonomic instability
- 停所有可疑藥物、移除 trigger
- IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d(preferred)
- IV 10% glucose 300-500 g/d 輔助
- Pain control: morphine PCA(safe)
- Anti-emetic: ondansetron(avoid metoclopramide)
- Monitor: ECG、Na、Cr、LFT、respiratory function
Step 6 — Long-term
- Document trigger + give patient porphyria emergency card
- Family genetic counseling
- Frequent attack(> 4/yr)→ givosiran q4 wk
- Refractory → liver transplant
- Annual: liver US, BP, eGFR, urine albumin
429.3.0.6 ⚙️ Cutaneous Porphyria Workflow(內專)
Step 1 — 臨床分類
- Blistering(PCT, HCP, VP, CEP, HEP)vs non-blistering acute pain(EPP, XLP)
Step 2 — Initial test
- Plasma porphyrins(fluorescence scan)
- Total urine porphyrins
- RBC porphyrins(for EPP/XLP confirm: free vs zinc PROTO)
Step 3 — Typing
- Urine + fecal porphyrin fractionation
- Genetic test confirm
Step 4 — Treatment
- PCT: phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine + treat comorbid
- EPP: afamelanotide + 避光 + β-carotene + LFT monitor
- CEP: 嚴格避光 + HSCT consideration
- HEP: 同 PCT + 嚴格避光
Step 5 — Comorbid workup(especially PCT)
- HCV Ab + RNA
- HIV
- HFE C282Y / H63D
- Ferritin, transferrin sat
- ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase
- Glucose, HbA1c
- Alcohol screening
- Iron quantitation
Step 6 — Long-term
- PCT: HCC surveillance(liver US + AFP q6 mo)
- EPP/XLP: annual LFT、bone density、25-OH-D
- Genetic counseling + family screening
429.3.0.7 ⚙️ Givosiran 使用要點
Indication:
- Adult acute hepatic porphyria(AIP、HCP、VP)
- Recurrent attacks(≥ 4/yr)OR severe disabling attacks
Mechanism:
- N-acetyl galactosamine(GalNAc)conjugated siRNA
- Targets hepatic ALAS1 mRNA → reduces ALA/PBG production
Dosing:
- 2.5 mg/kg SC monthly
Monitoring:
- LFT q monthly initially(5-15% elevation)
- Cr / eGFR(acute kidney injury possible)
- Homocysteine(B6/B12/folate def可能) → supplement pyridoxine, B12, folate
- Pancreatitis risk
- Injection site reactions
Efficacy:
- ~74% reduction in attack rate vs placebo
- Reduces hemin use, ER visits, hospitalizations
Limitation:
- 極貴(自費)
- 不能 reverse 既有神經病變
- Long-term safety data 累積中
429.3.0.8 ⚙️ Liver Transplantation in AIP
Indication:
- Refractory severe AIP(年發作 ≥ 4 次 despite givosiran + hemin)
- Severe neurologic impairment
- Quality of life severely impacted
Outcome:
- Complete biochemical normalization(HMB-synthase 在肝臟提供)
- 5-year survival ~85%
- Most patients resume normal life
Caveat:
- 不 reverse 既有 peripheral neuropathy
- 仍需 family screening + genetic counseling
- Donor liver functional HMBS resolves ALA/PBG production
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