429.3 🩺 內科專科考前版


429.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點

  • 22E updates / 新藥
    • Givosiran(Givlaari,FDA 2019):first siRNA therapeutic for AIP/HCP/VP;hepatic ALAS1 silencing;q4 wk SC;recurrent acute attack 顯著降 ~74%
    • Afamelanotide(Scenesse,FDA 2019):α-MSH analog SC implant for EPP;延長 sun tolerance time
    • Liver transplantation 確認對 severe refractory AIP curative(biochemical normalization)
    • HSCT for severe CEP — 完全 cure
    • DAA HCV therapy 革命性改變 PCT 預後
    • AAV gene therapy for AIP(HMBS replacement)— phase I/II ongoing
    • Bitopertin(GlyT1 inhibitor):減少 ALA precursor,phase II for EPP
  • 內分泌相關:
    • AIP 與雌激素強相關 — 開 OCP/HRT 前要 screen porphyria family Hx
    • PCT 與 DM、HFE、HCV 共病 — 內分泌門診糖尿病病人若有「手背反復水疱」要驗
    • EPP / 嚴重 hepatic porphyria 可需 liver transplant — 內科病房 ddx
  • Taiwan:
    • 健保 IV hemin(人道專案,需個案申請)
    • Givosiran 自費(每月約 60-80 萬台幣,極貴)
    • Afamelanotide 自費(implant 約 1-2 萬美元 / dose)
    • 健保 phlebotomy(PCT)、low-dose hydroxychloroquine
    • 學會:Taiwan Society of Hematology、TES、皮膚科學會;國際:American Porphyria Foundation、European Porphyria Network、United Porphyrias Association

429.3.0.2 🌟 Pearls(15 條 board-style)

429.3.0.2.1 AIP / Acute Hepatic Porphyrias
  1. Penetrance 是低的(~10%)但 trigger-driven:AIP 病人多輩子無發作;發作通常需要「多重 trigger 同時」(藥物 + 飢餓 + 月經 + stress)
  2. 「Saline + glucose 即可解 mild attack」:mild attack(沒有 motor weakness、沒有 hyponatremia、無 autonomic instability)可單獨用 IV glucose 300-500 g/d 觀察 24 小時,moderate-severe 直接 hemin
  3. Hemin extravasation 是嚴重併發症(化學性 phlebitis、皮膚壞死)— 建議 central line 或 dilute in 25% human albumin
  4. SIADH in AIP 急性發作非常常見(~50%)— Na 校正不可快(avoid osmotic demyelination)
  5. Motor neuropathy 可進展至 quadriparesis + respiratory failure — ICU admit + 呼吸監測 indicated when 出現 motor sign
  6. Givosiran 副作用:注射部位反應、AST/ALT 上升(5-15%)、Cr ↑(~14%,要追腎)、homocysteine ↑(B6 缺乏 → 神經病變 risk → 同時補 B6 + folate + B12)
  7. AIP 終身 HCC risk ↑(4-倍)+ HTN/CKD risk ↑ — 即使無臨床發作的 carrier 也應 q6-12 mo 肝臟 imaging + 腎 function monitoring
  8. Pregnancy in AIP:多數 stable,但 ~25% 發作;建議 high-risk OB 共照、避免 starvation、選 safe drugs(labetalol、methyldopa);產後 OCP 改用 progestin-only(避免 combined)
429.3.0.2.2 PCT
  1. PCT 必驗 6 項:HCV、HIV、HFE C282Y/H63D、ferritin、transferrin sat、glucose/HbA1c
  2. Type 1 sporadic PCT vs Type 2 familial(heterozygous UROD)vs Type 3 familial without UROD mutation:基因鑑定影響家族 counseling,但治療相同
  3. HCC surveillance in PCT:5-倍 risk(特別 PCT + HCV + cirrhosis),US + AFP q6 mo
  4. HEP(hepatoerythropoietic porphyria)= homozygous UROD mutation = severe PCT-like + CEP-like,多兒童發病
429.3.0.2.3 EPP / XLP
  1. EPP 肝病 5% 進展至 acute liver failure / cirrhosis — 需 liver transplant BMT(因為 marrow 是 PROTO 來源,純肝移植會復發肝病)
  2. XLP(X-linked protoporphyria):ALAS2 exon 11 gain-of-function;男 hemizygous 嚴重,女 heterozygous 可有變異 lyonization 表現
  3. EPP / XLP 監測:Annual LFT、abdominal US、bone mineral density、25-OH-vitamin D(避光導致 D 缺乏)

429.3.0.3 📍 Taiwan + 健保

429.3.0.3.1 藥物可近性
  • IV hemin(heme arginate / hematin):台灣沒有正式上市的 hemin;急性 AIP attack 多透過人道專案或國際採購(Normosang from Recordati;Panhematin from Recordati Rare Diseases),費用高且取得困難
  • Givosiran(Givlaari):自費,未納健保;台灣已有藥廠引進但每月費用 ~60-80 萬 TWD
  • Afamelanotide:自費;台灣尚未正式上市,需透過國際採購
  • Hydroxychloroquine、chloroquine:健保(同 SLE/RA 適應症),PCT 用 off-label low-dose
  • β-carotene:OTC supplement
  • Phlebotomy:健保(PCT 適應症)
  • Treatment of comorbidities:DAA for HCV 健保(C 肝全口服已健保)、phlebotomy / iron chelator for HFE 健保
429.3.0.3.2 Reference labs
  • 台北榮總、林口長庚、台大醫院、高雄長庚、中國附醫均有可送驗 porphyrin profile(送 LabCorp 或 ARUP 國際送驗)
  • Genetic testing:HMBS, UROD, PPOX, CPOX, FECH, ALAS2(透過罕病基金會或臨床檢驗中心送國際 lab,或 NGS panel 自費)
  • 罕病基金會(Taiwan Foundation for Rare Disorders)可申請 acute porphyria 為罕見疾病 → 健保部分給付
429.3.0.3.3 學會 / 指引
  • TES、Taiwan Society of Hematology
  • American Porphyria Foundation(www.porphyriafoundation.com)
  • European Porphyria Network / Porphyria.eu
  • Drug Database for Acute Porphyrias(www.drugs-porphyria.org)— 用藥前必查
  • Anderson KE et al, Ann Intern Med 142:439, 2005(diagnosis + tx 經典)

429.3.0.4 🎓 內專必懂(15)

  1. Heme biosynthesis 8 enzymes 與對應疾病(map)
  2. AIP 5P + diagnosis + acute tx + givosiran
  3. HCP + VP 與 AIP 鑑別(fecal porphyrin、plasma fluorescence 626 nm for VP)
  4. PCT triggers 6 個共病 + tx 三大主軸
  5. EPP(immediate, non-blistering)+ afamelanotide
  6. XLP(ALAS2 GoF)vs EPP(FECH LoF)
  7. CEP / Günther + HSCT
  8. Acute attack treatment cascade(IV hemin、glucose、避 trigger、givosiran)
  9. Unsafe drug list(記憶 + Drug Database 查詢習慣)
  10. AIP carrier 長期 HCC + HTN + CKD surveillance
  11. Pregnancy in AIP 處置
  12. Givosiran 副作用 + 機轉
  13. Hemin extravasation 預防
  14. PCT HCC surveillance
  15. EPP 肝病進展 + liver + BMT transplant

429.3.0.5 ⚙️ Acute Hepatic Porphyria Workflow(內專)

Step 1 — 臨床懷疑
- Triad: 不明腹痛 + 神經精神症 + 暗紅尿
- Normal abdominal CT + 正常 lipase + 正常 WBC
- ddx: lead poisoning, AIP, HCP, VP, ADP

Step 2 — Screening
- Spot urine PBG(quantitative + qualitative)
- Spot urine ALA + creatinine
- 24h collection NOT required
- 若 PBG 顯著 ↑↑↑ → acute hepatic porphyria 確定

Step 3 — Typing
- Urine porphyrins fractionation
- Fecal porphyrins
- Plasma porphyrins + fluorescence emission peak
  - AIP: 619 nm
  - VP: 626 nm(specific)
- RBC HMB-synthase activity(低 → AIP)

Step 4 — Genetic confirmation
- HMBS(AIP)、CPOX(HCP)、PPOX(VP)、ALAD(ADP)
- 一級親屬 cascade screening(penetrance 低但有風險)

Step 5 — Acute attack management
- Admit if motor symptoms、SIADH、autonomic instability
- 停所有可疑藥物、移除 trigger
- IV hemin 3-4 mg/kg/d × 4 d(preferred)
- IV 10% glucose 300-500 g/d 輔助
- Pain control: morphine PCA(safe)
- Anti-emetic: ondansetron(avoid metoclopramide)
- Monitor: ECG、Na、Cr、LFT、respiratory function

Step 6 — Long-term
- Document trigger + give patient porphyria emergency card
- Family genetic counseling
- Frequent attack(> 4/yr)→ givosiran q4 wk
- Refractory → liver transplant
- Annual: liver US, BP, eGFR, urine albumin

429.3.0.6 ⚙️ Cutaneous Porphyria Workflow(內專)

Step 1 — 臨床分類
- Blistering(PCT, HCP, VP, CEP, HEP)vs non-blistering acute pain(EPP, XLP)

Step 2 — Initial test
- Plasma porphyrins(fluorescence scan)
- Total urine porphyrins
- RBC porphyrins(for EPP/XLP confirm: free vs zinc PROTO)

Step 3 — Typing
- Urine + fecal porphyrin fractionation
- Genetic test confirm

Step 4 — Treatment
- PCT: phlebotomy + low-dose hydroxychloroquine + treat comorbid
- EPP: afamelanotide + 避光 + β-carotene + LFT monitor
- CEP: 嚴格避光 + HSCT consideration
- HEP: 同 PCT + 嚴格避光

Step 5 — Comorbid workup(especially PCT)
- HCV Ab + RNA
- HIV
- HFE C282Y / H63D
- Ferritin, transferrin sat
- ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase
- Glucose, HbA1c
- Alcohol screening
- Iron quantitation

Step 6 — Long-term
- PCT: HCC surveillance(liver US + AFP q6 mo)
- EPP/XLP: annual LFT、bone density、25-OH-D
- Genetic counseling + family screening

429.3.0.7 ⚙️ Givosiran 使用要點

Indication:
- Adult acute hepatic porphyria(AIP、HCP、VP)
- Recurrent attacks(≥ 4/yr)OR severe disabling attacks

Mechanism:
- N-acetyl galactosamine(GalNAc)conjugated siRNA
- Targets hepatic ALAS1 mRNA → reduces ALA/PBG production

Dosing:
- 2.5 mg/kg SC monthly

Monitoring:
- LFT q monthly initially(5-15% elevation)
- Cr / eGFR(acute kidney injury possible)
- Homocysteine(B6/B12/folate def可能) → supplement pyridoxine, B12, folate
- Pancreatitis risk
- Injection site reactions

Efficacy:
- ~74% reduction in attack rate vs placebo
- Reduces hemin use, ER visits, hospitalizations

Limitation:
- 極貴(自費)
- 不能 reverse 既有神經病變
- Long-term safety data 累積中

429.3.0.8 ⚙️ Liver Transplantation in AIP

Indication:
- Refractory severe AIP(年發作 ≥ 4 次 despite givosiran + hemin)
- Severe neurologic impairment
- Quality of life severely impacted

Outcome:
- Complete biochemical normalization(HMB-synthase 在肝臟提供)
- 5-year survival ~85%
- Most patients resume normal life

Caveat:
- 不 reverse 既有 peripheral neuropathy
- 仍需 family screening + genetic counseling
- Donor liver functional HMBS resolves ALA/PBG production

⚠️ AI 草稿。