296.3 🏥 內科專科考前版

296.3.1 Mechanistic Deep Dive

296.3.1.1 Amyloid Pathology

  • AL: kappa or lambda light chain, plasma cell dyscrasia
  • ATTR: transthyretin protein misfolding
  • Wild type vs hereditary
  • Fibril deposition → mechanical impairment + cell toxicity

296.3.1.2 Sarcoidosis Cardiac Pathobiology

  • Non-caseating granuloma
  • T-cell and macrophage infiltration
  • Scarring → conduction disease, arrhythmia
  • Predominantly basal septum and LV free wall

296.3.1.3 Fabry Pathobiology

  • GLA mutation → α-Gal-A deficiency
  • Globotriaosylceramide accumulation in cardiomyocytes
  • LVH, fibrosis
  • Renal, skin, neurologic involvement

296.3.2 Recent Trials & Updates

296.3.2.1 ATTR-ACT (2018)

  • Tafamidis vs placebo in ATTR-CM
  • ↓ All-cause mortality + CV hospitalization
  • Established tafamidis as standard

296.3.2.2 APOLLO + APOLLO-B (2018, 2024)

  • Patisiran (siRNA gene silencer) for ATTR
  • ↑ TTR knockdown → improved neurologic
  • Cardiac benefit (APOLLO-B)
  • FDA approved for cardiomyopathy 2024

296.3.2.3 NEURO-TTR + NEURO-TTRansform (2024)

  • Vutrisiran (next-gen TTR silencer)
  • Approved for ATTR

296.3.2.4 Acoramidis (2023)

  • TTR stabilizer (similar to tafamidis)
  • ATTRibute-CM: similar efficacy
  • FDA approved 2024

296.3.2.5 Daratumumab + CyBorD for AL Amyloid (ANDROMEDA 2021)

  • Quadruplet front-line therapy
  • Improved hematologic + organ response
  • Standard for AL amyloid

296.3.2.6 ART for HIV — Newer

  • Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs): bictegravir, dolutegravir
  • Less CV side effects than older ART
  • Improved long-term CV outcomes

296.3.2.7 COVID-19 Long-Term CV Studies

  • Multiple cohort studies
  • ↑ CV events post-COVID
  • Mechanism: endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, microvascular
  • Risk persists 1-3+ years

296.3.3 High-Yield Specialist Points

296.3.3.1 Amyloid Workup Algorithm

  1. Clinical suspicion (HFpEF + LV thickening + conduction + autonomic dysfunction)
  2. Serum + urine immunofixation + serum FLC (rule out AL)
  3. PYP scan (ATTR screening; if positive AND negative FLC → ATTR-CM)
  4. If PYP negative or FLC positive: biopsy (mass spec for amyloid typing)
  5. Genetic testing for ATTR if confirmed (familial vs wild type)

296.3.3.2 Cardiac Sarcoid Diagnosis

  • HRS (Heart Rhythm Society) criteria
  • Clinical findings + imaging
  • Tissue biopsy not always feasible (granuloma sampling error)
  • PET-CT for inflammation
  • CMR for scar + fibrosis

296.3.3.3 Hemochromatosis Cardiac MRI

  • T2* CMR: quantify cardiac iron
  • T2* < 20 ms abnormal; < 10 ms severe
  • Guide chelation therapy

296.3.3.4 Fabry Diagnosis

  • α-Gal-A enzyme activity (leukocyte)
  • Genetic testing (GLA)
  • Lyso-Gb3 biomarker
  • ERT or migalastat

296.3.3.5 Diabetes + HF

  • Diabetic cardiomyopathy: independent of CAD
  • SGLT2i benefit (EMPA-REG, DECLARE, EMPEROR)
  • HFpEF + DM particularly responsive to SGLT2i

296.3.3.6 Chagas Disease

  • Latin America 6-7 million infected
  • Late chronic cardiomyopathy 30%
  • Apical aneurysm characteristic
  • Benznidazole / nifurtimox: 80% cure in acute, less in chronic
  • Heart transplant for end-stage

296.3.3.7 Endocrine Myocardial Effects

  • Thyroid hormone: regulates myocardial gene expression
  • Cortisol excess: HTN, accelerated atherosclerosis
  • Aldosterone: fibrosis (target of MRA)

296.3.3.8 Genetic Counseling

  • Familial cardiomyopathy: cascade screening
  • Genetic panels increasingly used
  • Preconception planning

296.3.3.9 Future Therapies

  • siRNA / mRNA therapy for amyloid + Fabry + storage diseases
  • Gene therapy for muscular dystrophies (Duchenne)
  • CAR-T for refractory autoimmune
  • Senolytic therapy

296.3.4 Pearls

  • SLE: pericarditis #1; Libman-Sacks endocarditis classic
  • Scleroderma: annual DETECT for PAH; PAH-specific therapy
  • Vasculitis affects different vessel calibers (large/medium/small)
  • AL vs ATTR: AL = plasma cell; ATTR = transthyretin (wild-type or hereditary)
  • Tafamidis for ATTR; daratumumab + CyBorD for AL
  • Patisiran + vutrisiran = gene silencers for ATTR
  • Sarcoid cardiac: AV block #1 manifestation
  • Hemochromatosis: T2* CMR for cardiac iron
  • Fabry: HCM mimic + renal/neuropathy; ERT
  • HIV: ↑ cardiomyopathy + atherosclerosis; statin liberal
  • Chagas: apical aneurysm classic; benznidazole + HF therapy
  • Duchenne, Myotonic: each has specific cardiac phenotype + screening