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Types
- LHC (coronary, LV pressures), RHC (PA, CO), PCI (revascularization), Structural (TAVR, MitraClip, etc.)
Indications
- STEMI (emergent), NSTEMI/UA (24-72 hr), stable angina (failure of medical therapy), HF etiology, PAH
Access
- Radial preferred 2024 (less bleeding); femoral for complex
Functional Assessment
- FFR < 0.80 = ischemia
- iFR < 0.89 = ischemia
Stents
- DES = standard
- DAPT post-DES (6-12 months typically; 12 months in ACS)
CABG vs PCI
- High SYNTAX (> 32) / Left main complex / Diabetic + multi-vessel = CABG
Complications
- Bleeding, contrast nephropathy, stroke, MI / stent thrombosis, dissection, tamponade, death
PAH Hemodynamics
- Mean PA ⥠25 + PAWP †15 + PVR > 3 WU
Constrictive vs Restrictive
- Constrictive: equalized diastolic + discordance LV/RV systolic with respiration
- Restrictive: LV diastolic > RV diastolic + concordance
ç§é«åž« hint
- STEMI: primary PCI within 90 min door-to-balloon (< 60 ideal)
- Multi-vessel diabetic: CABG > PCI (FREEDOM)
- FFR/iFR for intermediate lesions (avoid unnecessary PCI)
- Contrast nephropathy: hydrate + limit contrast in CKD/DM/elderly
- DAPT individualized based on bleeding + ischemic risk