115.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
115.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點
- 22E 重大進展:
- Avapritinib (Ayvakit) approved 2021 for advanced systemic mastocytosis;2023 也 approved for ISM (PIONEER trial) → 首個 ISM disease-modifying therapy
- Tagraxofusp (Elzonris) approved 2018 for BPDCN (Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm) — 是 anti-CD123 immunotoxin
- Moxetumomab pasudotox approved for HCL R/R post-purine analogues
- CSF3R T618I + JAK i: ruxolitinib 對 CNL 顯示 PBC + 症狀改善
- Pemigatinib (Pemazyre) approved for FGFR1-rearranged myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia (MLN-Eo with FGFR1) — 22E new option
- Ivosidenib + Vorasidenib (IDH1/2 i) in MDS / acute leukemia 也 active in 部分 myeloid neoplasms
- WHO-HAEM5 (2022) + ICC: 雙系統並行;mastocytosis + MPN-eo + dendritic cell neoplasms 重新分類
- CAR-T for HCL / lymphoma variants: trials emerging
- Taiwan: 健保 cladribine for HCL(條件給付);imatinib for FIP1L1-PDGFRA+ HES(條件給付);avapritinib + midostaurin 自費(mastocytosis);vinblastine + steroid for LCH 健保;vemurafenib for LCH 自費;tagraxofusp 自費
115.3.0.2 🌟 Pearls (15)
- HCL BRAF V600E 是 universal driver(與 melanoma + colon cancer 不同 V600E 機制相同);HCL-v 多 MAP2K1 mut 而非 BRAF
- Cladribine vs pentostatin for HCL: 兩者皆 first-line,cladribine 更方便(5-day infusion vs 多 cycles);CR + 長期 remission > 80%
- Moxetumomab pasudotox: anti-CD22 immunotoxin (Pseudomonas exotoxin) for HCL R/R;needs hydration + close monitoring (TLS, capillary leak, HUS)
- HCL relapse pattern: 5-yr relapse 30%;可重複 cladribine + rituximab;長期 immune deficiency(CD4 nadir 持續多年)
- PMBCL grey-zone with cHL: 共享 NF-κB constitutive + JAK/STAT activation + 9p24.1 (PD-L1);對 PD-1 i 也有 response
- DA-EPOCH-R in PMBCL: NIH cohort 5-yr EFS 93%, 已成 standard for PMBCL;FDG-PET- end of treatment 可不加 RT
- TP53 in B-PLL: ~ 50% mutated → poor outcome;should consider venetoclax + BTK i / allo-SCT
- T-LGL STAT3 mutations: ~ 30–40% 病人;不影響治療(仍 immunosuppression)但可作 diagnosis aid
- NK/T nasal: SMILE > CHOP: SMILE (steroid + MTX + ifosfamide + L-asparaginase + etoposide) 與 DeVIC (dexa + etop + ifos + carbo) 都有 plasma EBV DNA-driven monitoring;CHOP 因 multidrug resistance protein 表達 ineffective
- Plasma EBV DNA in NK/T: pre-treatment 高 + 治療後不下降 → poor outcome;可作 risk-stratified trial
- EATL Type I vs II: Type I = enteropathy-associated(celiac, HLA DQA1*0501);Type II = MEITL (monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma),不關聯 celiac
- Hepatosplenic γδ T: thiopurine + anti-TNF (infliximab) 治療 IBD 病人發生率 ~ 1 in 22,000;JAK1 + STAT5B + SETD2 mutations
- Mastocytosis grading (WHO-HAEM5): 5 categories;C-findings = cytopenia / liver dysfunction / weight loss / 大型 osteolysis = aggressive;mast cell leukemia 病人 marrow > 20% mast cells
- Avapritinib safety: cognitive AE (memory, brain fog), edema, intracranial 出血 (rare);Hb 10 起始 with intracranial bleeding history exclusion
- LCH BRAF V600E mutated → vemurafenib / dabrafenib: pediatric multi-system LCH refractory data 顯示 high response;MAP2K1 → trametinib
115.3.0.3 📍 Taiwan + 健保
115.3.0.3.1 診斷
- 健保:CBC + 流式(多 panel)
- 健保:BRAF V600E(HCL, LCH)— 多以 PCR / Sanger / NGS 條件給付
- 健保:KIT D816V mutation analysis(mastocytosis)— 條件給付
- 健保:FIP1L1-PDGFRA FISH / RT-PCR(HES)— 條件給付
- 健保:CSF3R mutation(CNL)— 條件給付
- 健保:JAK2 V617F + JAK2 fusion(HES)— 條件給付
- 健保:tryptase(mastocytosis)
- 健保:plasma EBV DNA(NK/T monitoring)
- 健保:BMA + biopsy + IHC + EM(LCH Birbeck granules)
115.3.0.3.2 治療
- Cladribine (Litak): 健保條件給付 for HCL
- Pentostatin: 健保條件給付 for HCL
- Vemurafenib / Dabrafenib (BRAF i): 健保條件給付 for melanoma;HCL / LCH 多自費或 PAP
- Moxetumomab pasudotox: 自費(罕用)
- Imatinib: 健保條件給付 for FIP1L1-PDGFRA+ HES(與 CML / GIST 同 indication)
- Pemigatinib: 自費(FGFR1+ MLN-Eo)
- Ruxolitinib: 健保條件給付 for MF / PV;CNL T618I 多自費
- Avapritinib (Ayvakit): 自費(advanced SM 與 ISM)
- Midostaurin (Rydapt): 健保條件給付 for FLT3+ AML(mastocytosis indication 多自費)
- Tagraxofusp (Elzonris): 自費 for BPDCN
- Mepolizumab / Benralizumab: 健保條件給付 for severe asthma;HES indication 多自費
- Brentuximab vedotin: 健保條件給付 for cutaneous CD30+ MF(與 cHL / sALCL 同類別)
- Cyclosporine + MTX + cyclophosphamide + steroid: 健保 for T-LGL / autoimmune indications
- Vinblastine + prednisolone for LCH: 健保條件給付(兒科血液腫瘤 indication)
- Allo-SCT: 健保條件給付(high-risk myeloid + T-NHL)
115.3.0.3.3 在地分布特點
- NK/T nasal lymphoma 在台灣常見(亞洲 endemic),EBV 100%;台灣 cohort SMILE / DeVIC 治療結果與國際一致
- HCL 罕見(亞洲 incidence 低於西方)
- Mastocytosis 統計性較少 awareness:不少病人多年才確診;Tryptase + KIT D816V 可改善 awareness
- HES + FIP1L1-PDGFRA:本土 cohort 多 imatinib 100 mg 起始,部分 tapered to 100 mg q week 維持
- LCH 兒科: TPHO Histiocytosis Working Group 統一治療;成人 LCH 多由血液 / 腫瘤 + 內分泌 + 復健共照
- Hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma post IBD-Tx: 隨 IBD 用藥普及增加 awareness;台北榮總 / 台大 / 長庚有 case series
115.3.0.4 🎓 內專必懂 (15)
- WHO-HAEM5 (2022) + ICC 對 lymphoid + myeloid neoplasms 分類更新
- HCL diagnosis triad: dry tap + monocytopenia + BRAF V600E
- HCL therapy stepwise: cladribine → cladribine + rituximab → vemurafenib + rituximab → moxetumomab → CAR-T trials
- PMBCL DA-EPOCH-R rationale + grey-zone with cHL
- T-LGL diagnostic criteria + cyclosporine paradox(免疫抑制反而 ↑ ANC)
- NK/T nasal SMILE protocol + plasma EBV DNA monitoring + BENNETT score
- Hepatosplenic γδ T 與 IBD therapy 的 association + 預防策略(thiopurine + anti-TNF risk discussion)
- HES diagnostic algorithm: 排除 secondary → TK fusion screen → L-HES vs idiopathic → 治療分層
- FIP1L1-PDGFRA: imatinib mechanism + 100 mg dosing rationale + tapering
- CMML treatment + IPSS-R-Mol: HMA + HSCT 評估
- JMML 兒科緊急性 + Allo-SCT
- WHO mastocytosis 5 categories + KIT D816V + tryptase 25 (basal) vs 20 (pre-anaphylaxis-rule out) + REMA score
- Avapritinib + midostaurin in mastocytosis + 副作用管理
- LCH WHO classification + BRAF/MAP2K1 mutation in MAPK pathway + targeted therapy
- Survivorship: 多 rare diseases 之 long-term follow-up + 心臟 / 內分泌 / 第二癌症 / 感染風險
115.3.0.5 🔬 進階機轉 / 試驗
115.3.0.5.1 HCL 試驗 timeline
| 試驗 | 結論 |
|---|---|
| Saven et al 1990s | Cladribine 5-day infusion → > 80% CR + 長期 remission |
| Ravandi et al 2011 | Cladribine + rituximab > cladribine alone for MRD eradication |
| Tiacci et al 2011 NEJM | BRAF V600E identified as universal driver |
| Tiacci et al 2015 NEJM | Vemurafenib in HCL R/R |
| Moxetumomab pasudotox 2018 FDA | Anti-CD22 immunotoxin for R/R post-purine |
| Tiacci 2021 | Vemurafenib + rituximab > vemurafenib alone |
115.3.0.5.2 HES + TK Fusion 試驗
| 試驗 | 結論 |
|---|---|
| Cools et al 2003 NEJM | FIP1L1-PDGFRA discovery;imatinib responder |
| Pardanani et al 2003 | Imatinib 100 mg → CR within days |
| Pemigatinib 2022 FDA | FGFR1-rearranged MLN-Eo |
| Mepolizumab + benralizumab | Idiopathic / L-HES |
115.3.0.6 ⚠️ 內專易錯點
- HCL 不查 BRAF V600E(雖 IHC 已多可診斷,confirmation 影響 vemurafenib 適用)
- HCL post-cladribine 的 immune deficiency 不警告(CD4 持續低數年,PCP/zoster 風險)
- HCL-v 用 cladribine alone 而非 + rituximab(ORR 較差)
- Mastocytosis 用 imatinib(KIT D816V 是 imatinib resistant 的 hallmark)
- HES 沒先排除 secondary 就治療(漏掉 strongyloides → ivermectin 即治;漏掉 EGPA → 不同治療)
- HES 心臟損傷不做 MRI(troponin / ECG / echo 可能 normal)
- CMML 病人 BCR-ABL 漏查 → 漏 atypical CML 或 CML 鑑別
- JMML 不送 HSCT → 唯一 cure 機會
- LCH 兒童 polydipsia / polyuria 不做 MRI → 漏 pituitary stalk infiltration → DI 可能可避免(早 vinblastine)
- NK/T nasal 用 R-CHOP → 無 CD20,且 P-gp 表達高使 anthracycline 失效
- PMBCL 用 R-CHOP → 應 DA-EPOCH-R
- Hepatosplenic γδ post-IBD 病人不停 thiopurine → 持續 driver
- T-PLL 不送 alemtuzumab → allo-SCT → 失去 cure 機會
- EATL 不查 celiac disease(即使無 GI sx,仍要 anti-tTG IgA)
- LCH BRAF V600E refractory 病人不用 vemurafenib → 失去高效 response
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