12.1 🎓 醫學生版
給醫學系 M3-M6:倫理是內科核心。配 Harrison 22E Ch 12 原文 對照閱讀。
12.1.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (TL;DR)
- 4 大原則 (Beauchamp & Childress):
- Autonomy(自主)
- Beneficence(行善)
- Nonmaleficence(不傷害,“primum non nocere”)
- Justice(正義)
- Informed consent = autonomy 實踐:disclosure + comprehension + voluntariness + capacity + documentation
- Capacity ≠ Competence:capacity 是臨床判斷、competence 是法律
- Surrogate decision-making:病人無 capacity 時,依 advance directive → MPOA → next-of-kin hierarchy
- DNR / DNI 必須 explicit
- Truth-telling:absolute disclosure vs cultural sensitivity
- Confidentiality vs duty to warn(Tarasoff)
- End-of-life ethics:withholding ≠ withdrawing;treatment withdrawal 倫理上 acceptable
- Conflicts of interest:disclose + manage
🎯 三件事必須記住 1. 4 原則 是 ethical analysis framework 2. Capacity 必評估:critical decision 前 3. Withhold ≠ Withdraw:withdrawing 倫理上等同 withholding
12.1.0.2 🧠 核心概念
12.1.0.2.1 Beauchamp & Childress 4 大原則
| 原則 | 意涵 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| Autonomy | 病人自主決定 | Informed consent、refusal of tx |
| Beneficence | 為病人 best interest | Recommend evidence-based tx |
| Nonmaleficence | 不傷害 | Avoid futile / harmful tx |
| Justice | 公平資源分配 | Fair access、no discrimination |
→ 這 4 個常衝突,需 case-by-case balance
12.1.0.2.2 Informed Consent 5 元素
- Disclosure:充分告知 risks/benefits/alternatives
- Comprehension:病人理解
- Voluntariness:自願(無 coercion)
- Capacity:有決定能力
- Documentation:書面紀錄
12.1.0.2.3 Capacity Assessment
四個 capacity criteria: 1. 理解 information 2. 欣賞 consequences 3. 推理 about options 4. 表達 choice
→ Capacity 是 decision-specific:可能能決定一件、不能決定另一件
⚠️ Capacity ≠ Competence: - Capacity:醫師臨床判斷 - Competence:法律術語、需法庭判決
12.1.0.2.4 Surrogate Decision-Making Hierarchy
當病人無 capacity: 1. Advance directive(生前預囑)+ POLST/MOLST 2. Health care proxy / MPOA (medical power of attorney) 3. Next of kin hierarchy(spouse → adult children → parents → siblings) 4. Court-appointed guardian(last resort)
決策依: - Substituted judgment:「what would patient want?」 - Best interest(若不知 patient preference)
12.1.0.2.5 End-of-Life Ethics
Key concept: - Withholding treatment(不給) - Withdrawing treatment(撤除) - 倫理上等價 — 都 acceptable - 心理上撤除較難(但別讓 emotion 阻礙)
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate): - 心跳停 / 呼吸停 → 不做 CPR - 仍 receive 其他 active care - 必須 explicit、document、discuss
DNI (Do Not Intubate): - 不插管 - 可分開於 DNR
「Allow Natural Death」:較 patient-friendly 用詞
12.1.0.2.6 倫理 Difficult Cases
12.1.0.2.6.1 1. Refusal of life-saving treatment
- 例:耶和華見證人拒絕輸血
- Autonomy 優先(如 informed + competent)
- 紀錄 + 找 alternatives
12.1.0.2.6.2 2. Family request to withhold diagnosis
- 例:「不要告訴爸爸他得癌症」
- Patient autonomy 優先
- 但先確認病人是否想知道(不想知道也是 autonomy)
12.1.0.2.6.3 3. Conflict between provider + patient
- 例:病人要 antibiotic for viral URI
- 醫師 not obligated to provide non-indicated tx
- 但需 communication + alternatives
12.1.0.2.7 Conflicts of Interest
Types: - Financial(pharma payment、ownership) - Personal(family、friend as patient) - Research(dual role:provider + investigator)
Rules: - Disclose - Recuse if needed - Institution policy
12.1.0.2.8 Research Ethics
- Belmont Report (1979):respect、beneficence、justice
- IRB review required
- Informed consent
- Vulnerable populations protection
12.1.0.3 🔑 Mnemonic
12.1.0.4 💡 Case 討論
12.1.0.4.1 Case 1:Refusal of life-saving treatment
35 歲男性 GI bleeding 急 OR,Hgb 6,但他是耶和華見證人拒絕輸血。
思路: 1. 評估 capacity:清醒、理解、欣賞 consequence 2. 充分告知:risk of no transfusion = death 3. Explore alternatives:cell saver、erythropoietin、IV iron 4. Respect autonomy:若 capacity OK + informed → 尊重 5. Document detailed conversation + decision 6. Continue full care other than transfusion
12.1.0.4.2 Case 2:Surrogate decision-making
80 歲奶奶 stroke comatose、no advance directive。家屬:兒子要 aggressive ICU、女兒要 comfort care。
思路: 1. Hierarchy 看 jurisdiction:通常 spouse > adult children 2. 若無 spouse / spouse 不在 → 兒女 same level → 衝突 3. Substituted judgment:「她生前說過希望 / 不希望 X?」 4. 找其他家屬意見 5. Ethics consultation 6. 若無共識 → court 可能介入 7. 過渡期間:continue current care, don’t escalate or de-escalate prematurely
12.1.0.5 📚 想深入請看
- 國考重點 → Ch 12 board-prep.md
- 內專考前版 → Ch 12 specialist.md
- Practice of Medicine → Ch 1
- Palliative Care → Ch 13
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 12
⚠️ AI 草稿,未經盧醫師驗證。