12.1 🎓 醫學生版

給醫學系 M3-M6:倫理是內科核心。配 Harrison 22E Ch 12 原文 對照閱讀。


12.1.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (TL;DR)

  • 4 大原則 (Beauchamp & Childress)
    1. Autonomy(自主)
    2. Beneficence(行善)
    3. Nonmaleficence(不傷害,“primum non nocere”)
    4. Justice(正義)
  • Informed consent = autonomy 實踐:disclosure + comprehension + voluntariness + capacity + documentation
  • Capacity ≠ Competence:capacity 是臨床判斷、competence 是法律
  • Surrogate decision-making:病人無 capacity 時,依 advance directive → MPOA → next-of-kin hierarchy
  • DNR / DNI 必須 explicit
  • Truth-telling:absolute disclosure vs cultural sensitivity
  • Confidentiality vs duty to warn(Tarasoff)
  • End-of-life ethics:withholding ≠ withdrawing;treatment withdrawal 倫理上 acceptable
  • Conflicts of interest:disclose + manage

🎯 三件事必須記住 1. 4 原則 是 ethical analysis framework 2. Capacity 必評估:critical decision 前 3. Withhold ≠ Withdraw:withdrawing 倫理上等同 withholding


12.1.0.2 🧠 核心概念

12.1.0.2.1 Beauchamp & Childress 4 大原則
原則 意涵
Autonomy 病人自主決定 Informed consent、refusal of tx
Beneficence 為病人 best interest Recommend evidence-based tx
Nonmaleficence 不傷害 Avoid futile / harmful tx
Justice 公平資源分配 Fair access、no discrimination

→ 這 4 個常衝突,需 case-by-case balance

12.1.0.2.3 Capacity Assessment

四個 capacity criteria: 1. 理解 information 2. 欣賞 consequences 3. 推理 about options 4. 表達 choice

→ Capacity 是 decision-specific:可能能決定一件、不能決定另一件

⚠️ Capacity ≠ Competence: - Capacity:醫師臨床判斷 - Competence:法律術語、需法庭判決

12.1.0.2.4 Surrogate Decision-Making Hierarchy

當病人無 capacity: 1. Advance directive(生前預囑)+ POLST/MOLST 2. Health care proxy / MPOA (medical power of attorney) 3. Next of kin hierarchy(spouse → adult children → parents → siblings) 4. Court-appointed guardian(last resort)

決策依: - Substituted judgment:「what would patient want?」 - Best interest(若不知 patient preference)

12.1.0.2.5 End-of-Life Ethics

Key concept: - Withholding treatment(不給) - Withdrawing treatment(撤除) - 倫理上等價 — 都 acceptable - 心理上撤除較難(但別讓 emotion 阻礙)

DNR (Do Not Resuscitate): - 心跳停 / 呼吸停 → 不做 CPR - 仍 receive 其他 active care - 必須 explicit、document、discuss

DNI (Do Not Intubate): - 不插管 - 可分開於 DNR

「Allow Natural Death」:較 patient-friendly 用詞

12.1.0.2.6 倫理 Difficult Cases
12.1.0.2.6.1 1. Refusal of life-saving treatment
  • 例:耶和華見證人拒絕輸血
  • Autonomy 優先(如 informed + competent)
  • 紀錄 + 找 alternatives
12.1.0.2.6.2 2. Family request to withhold diagnosis
  • 例:「不要告訴爸爸他得癌症」
  • Patient autonomy 優先
  • 但先確認病人是否想知道(不想知道也是 autonomy)
12.1.0.2.6.3 3. Conflict between provider + patient
  • 例:病人要 antibiotic for viral URI
  • 醫師 not obligated to provide non-indicated tx
  • 但需 communication + alternatives
12.1.0.2.6.4 4. Futile care
  • 預後極差仍家屬要求 aggressive
  • 「Medical futility」概念
  • Need ethics consultation + structured family meetings
12.1.0.2.6.5 5. Confidentiality breach
  • Duty to warn (Tarasoff):威脅特定 individual
  • Reportable disease:HIV、TB、STI
  • Child / elder abuse mandatory reporting
12.1.0.2.7 Conflicts of Interest

Types: - Financial(pharma payment、ownership) - Personal(family、friend as patient) - Research(dual role:provider + investigator)

Rules: - Disclose - Recuse if needed - Institution policy

12.1.0.2.8 Research Ethics
  • Belmont Report (1979):respect、beneficence、justice
  • IRB review required
  • Informed consent
  • Vulnerable populations protection
12.1.0.2.9 22E 特別議題
12.1.0.2.9.1 AI 倫理
  • Algorithmic bias
  • Liability:medical decision via AI
  • Patient consent for AI use
  • Transparency
12.1.0.2.9.2 Genetic Information
  • Implications for relatives
  • Discrimination concerns(GINA in US)
  • Incidental findings
12.1.0.2.9.3 Reproductive Ethics
  • Contraception、abortion、IVF
  • Cultural / religious sensitivities

12.1.0.3 🔑 Mnemonic

12.1.0.3.14 原則 ABNJ
  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Justice
12.1.0.3.3Capacity 4 criteria
  1. 理解
  2. 欣賞 consequences
  3. 推理
  4. 表達 choice

→ 「理-果-推-表


12.1.0.4 💡 Case 討論

12.1.0.4.1 Case 1:Refusal of life-saving treatment

35 歲男性 GI bleeding 急 OR,Hgb 6,但他是耶和華見證人拒絕輸血。

思路: 1. 評估 capacity:清醒、理解、欣賞 consequence 2. 充分告知:risk of no transfusion = death 3. Explore alternatives:cell saver、erythropoietin、IV iron 4. Respect autonomy:若 capacity OK + informed → 尊重 5. Document detailed conversation + decision 6. Continue full care other than transfusion

12.1.0.4.2 Case 2:Surrogate decision-making

80 歲奶奶 stroke comatose、no advance directive。家屬:兒子要 aggressive ICU、女兒要 comfort care。

思路: 1. Hierarchy 看 jurisdiction:通常 spouse > adult children 2. 若無 spouse / spouse 不在 → 兒女 same level → 衝突 3. Substituted judgment:「她生前說過希望 / 不希望 X?」 4. 找其他家屬意見 5. Ethics consultation 6. 若無共識 → court 可能介入 7. 過渡期間:continue current care, don’t escalate or de-escalate prematurely


12.1.0.5 📚 想深入請看


⚠️ AI 草稿,未經盧醫師驗證。