20.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)

M6 / PGY 國考衝刺。


20.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)

20.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 10 條
  1. Fever 定義:morning ≥ 37.2 / evening ≥ 37.7(多用 ≥ 38°C cutoff)
  2. Fever ≠ Hyperthermia(setpoint ↑ vs 散熱失敗)
  3. Endogenous pyrogens:IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN
  4. PGE2 最終 mediator → NSAID/aspirin 抑制 COX 退燒
  5. Acetaminophen 首選;Aspirin < 18 禁(Reye)
  6. Hyperthermia 5: heat stroke / MH / NMS / serotonin / drugs
  7. Neutropenic fever:ANC < 500 + T ≥ 38.3°C = < 1 hr empiric antibiotic
  8. Bacterial meningitis 治療:dex + vanco + cef ± amp(> 50 yo cover Listeria)
  9. 嬰兒 < 3 mo 發燒:full sepsis workup + admission
  10. 老人 baseline 低,38°C 等於年輕人 39°C
20.2.0.1.2 🔢 必背數字
項目 數字
Fever 定義 (oral) morning ≥ 37.2°C / evening ≥ 37.7°C
Hyperpyrexia ≥ 41°C
Acetaminophen max 4 g/day(肝病 < 3 g)
Acetaminophen pediatric 10-15 mg/kg q4-6h
Neutropenic fever ANC < 500 (or expected < 500 in 48h)
Neutropenic empiric antibiotic timing < 1 hr
Dex for meningitis 0.15 mg/kg q6h × 4 days
Listeria cover age > 50 yo or immunocomp
Oseltamivir 起效 < 48 hr onset
20.2.0.1.3 ⚠️ 易錯陷阱
  • Heat stroke → acetaminophen(
  • < 18 yo 流感 → aspirin(Reye
  • Neutropenic fever 觀察等血培養(,立即 empiric antibiotic)
  • 老人 37.5°C「還好」(,要評估)
  • Fever 一律退(爭議,個別化)

20.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要

20.2.0.2.1 Fever 機轉 sequence

組織損傷/感染 → cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN) → BBB 通過 OVLT → 釋放 PGE2POAH setpoint ↑ → 寒顫、血管收縮 → 體溫升

20.2.0.2.2 Fever vs Hyperthermia
Fever Hyperthermia
Setpoint 不變
機轉 Cytokine 散熱失敗
Antipyretic 有效 無效
處置 治原因 + antipyretic 物理降溫 + 治原因
20.2.0.2.3 Hyperthermia 致命 5 病因
  1. Heat stroke(環境)
  2. Malignant hyperthermia(麻醉藥 → dantrolene)
  3. NMS(antipsychotic → dantrolene + bromocriptine)
  4. Serotonin syndrome(SSRI + MAO-I → cyproheptadine + BZD)
  5. Drug-induced(cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA)
20.2.0.2.4 Antipyretic 比較
Acetaminophen NSAID (ibuprofen) Aspirin
退燒
抗炎
抗血小板 可逆 不可逆
胃刺激
腎毒
肝毒 過量危險
兒童 OK OK (Reye)
20.2.0.2.5 Fever Pattern(多 unreliable)
Pattern 例子
Sustained 上下 < 0.5°C/24h(typhoid, drug fever)
Remittent 每天波動 > 1°C 但不歸 baseline
Intermittent 有發燒 + 無熱期歸 baseline
Tertian / Quartan Malaria(vivax/falciparum 48h;malariae 72h)
Pel-Ebstein Hodgkin lymphoma(週期性)
Relapsing Borrelia recurrentis、Brucella、無熱期 days/weeks
20.2.0.2.6 Neutropenic Fever(必考)

Definition: - ANC < 500(or expected < 500 in 48h) - + Single T ≥ 38.3°C OR T ≥ 38.0°C 持續 1 hr

Workup: - BC × 2 sets(含 central line) - UA + UC - CXR - 其他依症狀(CT, LP)

Empiric Treatment: - Cefepime 2g IV q8h OR Pip-tazo 4.5g IV q6h OR meropenem 1g q8h - + vancomycin if: catheter site 感染、HD instable、severe mucositis、prior MRSA - + antifungal(micafungin/caspofungin/voriconazole)if fever > 4-7 days

Risk stratification (MASCC score): - ≥ 21 = low risk → outpatient PO antibiotic - < 21 = high risk → admit IV antibiotic

20.2.0.2.7 Bacterial Meningitis 經驗治療
年齡 / 情境 抗生素
Neonate (< 1 mo) Ampicillin + cefotaxime + gentamicin
1 mo - 50 yo Ceftriaxone + vancomycin
> 50 yo / immunocomp + Ampicillin (cover Listeria)
Penetrating trauma / post-neuro + vancomycin + cefepime/meropenem

+ Dexamethasone(pre or with first dose antibiotic)0.15 mg/kg q6h × 4 days

20.2.0.2.8 Sepsis Bundle (Surviving Sepsis 1-hr)
  1. Lactate measurement
  2. Blood culture × 2 before antibiotic
  3. Broad-spectrum antibiotic < 1 hr
  4. Crystalloid 30 mL/kg if hypotensive / lactate ≥ 4
  5. Vasopressor (norepinephrine first) if MAP < 65 after fluid
20.2.0.2.9 < 3 個月嬰兒發燒
  • T ≥ 38°C → full sepsis workup
  • BC, UC, LP, CXR
  • 多 admit + empiric antibiotic
  • 即使「looks well」也不能放鬆

20.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照

20.2.0.3.1 Fever vs Hyperthermia 處置
  • Fever: antipyretic + 治原因
  • Hyperthermia: 物理降溫 + 治原因(NMS/MH → dantrolene)
20.2.0.3.2 Influenza A vs B
  • A: 較嚴重、抗原變異快、pandemic
  • B: 較輕、人類唯一 host
  • 兩者均 oseltamivir
20.2.0.3.3 Reye Syndrome
  • < 18 yo + viral illness(flu, varicella)+ aspirin → 急性肝衰 + 腦病
  • 死亡率高
  • → 兒童 viral illness 避 aspirin

20.2.0.4 📝 過去考題類型

20.2.0.4.1 必考
  • Fever vs hyperthermia 處置差異
  • Endogenous pyrogens
  • Neutropenic fever 1 hr empiric
  • Reye syndrome
  • Listeria cover for elderly meningitis
  • Dexamethasone in meningitis timing
20.2.0.4.2 OSCE
  • Fever assessment + workup
  • Neutropenic fever protocol
  • Meningitis 治療順序
20.2.0.4.3 陷阱題
  • Heat stroke → acetaminophen
  • Aspirin for febrile child
  • Neutropenic fever 等培養

20.2.0.5 🎯 自我檢測

  1. Q:Fever vs Hyperthermia 最關鍵差異? A:Setpoint(fever 升高 vs hyperthermia 不變)

  2. Q:Endogenous pyrogens 4 個? A:IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN

  3. Q:Neutropenic fever 定義 + empiric antibiotic timing? A:ANC < 500 + T ≥ 38.3°C;< 1 hr empiric

  4. Q:> 50 yo bacterial meningitis empiric 為何加 ampicillin? A:Cover Listeria monocytogenes

  5. Q:< 18 yo 流感為何不能 aspirin? A:Reye syndrome(acute hepatic failure + encephalopathy)

  6. Q:Hyperthermia 致命 5 病因? A:Heat stroke / MH / NMS / serotonin syndrome / drugs

  7. Q:MH / NMS 解藥? ADantrolene

  8. Q:Acetaminophen max 一日? A:4 g(肝病 / 慢性使用 < 3 g)

  9. Q:< 3 個月嬰兒發燒 ≥ 38°C 處置? A:Full sepsis workup + admit + empiric antibiotic

  10. Q:Pel-Ebstein fever 想到? A:Hodgkin lymphoma


20.2.0.6 📚 想深入請看


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