347 Ch 346. Approach to the Gastrointestinal Patient and Symptoms

GI symptoms 包羅萬象：(1) abdominal pain — visceral (poorly localized, midline), parietal (sharp, localized), referred；(2) nausea + vomiting — GI, CNS, metabolic, medication；(3) dysphagia — oropharyngeal vs esophageal, structural vs motility；(4) dyspepsia — functional vs organic；(5) diarrhea — acute (< 14 d) vs chronic; secretory vs osmotic vs inflammatory；(6) constipation；(7) GI bleeding — upper (above ligament of Treitz) vs lower；melena, hematochezia, hematemesis；(8) anorexia, weight loss；(9) jaundice — pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic；workup framework：history + physical + lab + imaging + endoscopy + specific testing per symptoms；2024 emerging：AI-assisted endoscopy, video capsule + balloon-assisted enteroscopy for small bowel, breath testing。