302 Ch 301. Approach to the Pulmonary Patient and Disturbances of Respiratory Function

呼吸生理三大功能：(1) ventilation（肺通氣）；(2) gas exchange（O2/CO2 交換）；(3) acid-base regulation；主要呼吸異常分類：obstructive vs restrictive vs gas exchange impairment；hypoxemia 五大機轉：V/Q mismatch (最常見)、shunt、hypoventilation、diffusion impairment、low FiO2；hypercapnia 三大機轉：alveolar hypoventilation、↑ dead space、↑ CO2 production；dyspnea evaluation：cardiac vs pulmonary vs anemia vs deconditioning；cough chronic > 8 weeks：UACS（upper airway cough syndrome）、asthma、GERD 三大原因 (80-90%)；hemoptysis：bronchiectasis、bronchitis、cancer、PE、TB、AVM；chest pain pulmonary origin：pleuritic、PE、pneumothorax；2024 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT 更新 dyspnea definition + evaluation；現代結合 wearable + LUS + AI 提升評估精度。