195.1 ð é«åžçç
195.1.0.1 ð äžé éé»
- NTM: > 200 species of Mycobacterium outside M. tuberculosis complex
- Environmental (water, soil, biofilms, hospital water systems)
- Person-to-person rare (except M. abscessus CF cluster spread, M. ulcerans localized)
- Major species:
| Species | Disease | Key |
|---|---|---|
| M. avium complex (MAC) = M. avium + M. intracellulare + M. chimaera | Disseminated in AIDS (CD4 < 50), pulmonary in middle-age bronchiectasis, lymphadenitis in children | Most common NTM disease |
| M. abscessus complex (subsp. abscessus, massiliense, bolletii) | CF pulmonary, post-surgical, soft tissue | MDR â very hard to treat |
| M. kansasii | Pulmonary mimics TB | Photochromogen (yellow in light) |
| M. marinum | Fish-tank / aquarium granuloma â skin/joint | âSwimming pool granulomaâ |
| M. ulcerans | Buruli ulcer (Africa, Australia) â chronic painless skin ulcer | Mycolactone toxin |
| M. fortuitum, M. chelonae | Skin / soft tissue (rapid grow), post-surgery, cosmetic | Cosmetic procedure outbreaks |
| M. xenopi, M. malmoense | Pulmonary, sporadic | Sometimes underdiagnosed |
| M. genavense | Disseminated AIDS, GI | Slow grow |
| M. haemophilum | Cutaneous/joint immunocompromise | Iron + low temp grow |
- Treatment: multi-drug, prolonged (months-years); species-specific
- MAC pulmonary: macrolide (azithro / clarithro) + rifampin + ethambutol ⥠12 months after culture-neg
- Disseminated MAC AIDS: same regimen + ART + secondary prophylaxis until immune recovery
- M. abscessus: amikacin IV + cefoxitin/imipenem + clarithromycin/azithromycin + clofazimine + ⊠multi-drug long course
195.1.0.2 1ïžâ£ 现èåž
- AFB stain + (like TB)
- Slow grow (most) â culture 1-6 weeks
- Rapidly growing (M. abscessus, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae) â culture < 7 days
- Slow growers: MAC, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. ulcerans
- Environmental ubiquity â water, soil, biofilm
- Resistance to standard disinfectants
- BSL-2 (vs TB BSL-3)
195.1.0.3 2ïžâ£ Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC)
195.1.0.3.1 Species
- M. avium + M. intracellulare = MAC traditionally
- M. chimaera â newly recognized, water source (heater-cooler units in cardiac surgery)
- All clinically similar
195.1.0.3.2 Sources
- Water (tap, hot tub, hospital water systems)
- Soil
- Aerosol from showers, indoor pools
195.1.0.3.3 A. Disseminated MAC in AIDS
- CD4 < 50 primary risk
- Fever + weight loss + night sweats + diarrhea
- Anemia (severe), thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly
- Lymphadenopathy
- Mortality high without ART
- Blood culture (mycobacterial blood culture bottles + MGIT)
195.1.0.3.4 B. Pulmonary MAC
195.1.0.3.4.1 Patterns
- Fibrocavitary (old man with COPD/EToH): like TB
- Nodular bronchiectasis (âLady Windermere syndromeâ): middle-aged thin Caucasian women, RML/lingula bronchiectasis + small nodules; pectus excavatum / scoliosis common
- Hot tub lung: hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like (M. avium), resolves without treatment after avoidance
195.1.0.3.5 C. Lymphadenitis (Children)
- Cervical âscrofulaâ-like in 1-5 yr-olds
- Unilateral painless cervical mass
- Differential: cat scratch (Bartonella), TB scrofula, lymphoma
- Excisional biopsy preferred (better than antibiotic alone for cure)
- ç¡ need long antibiotic if excised
195.1.0.3.6 Treatment
195.1.0.3.6.1 Disseminated AIDS
- Clarithromycin 500 mg bid OR azithromycin 500-600 mg qd + Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/d + Rifabutin 300 mg/d (or rifampin 600 mg/d)
- ART concurrent
- Continue ⥠12 months after CD4 > 100 + viral suppression > 6 months
- Side effects: hepatotoxic, optic neuritis (EMB), uveitis (rifabutin + clarithro combo)
195.1.0.3.6.2 Pulmonary
- Clarithromycin 500 mg bid OR azithromycin 500 mg qd + Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/d + Rifampin 600 mg/d
- Severe fibrocavitary: add streptomycin or amikacin IM/IV Ã 8-12 wk
- 2-3Ã weekly intermittent dosing option for nodular bronchiectasis
- Continue ⥠12 months after culture-neg (typically 18-24 mo total)
- Resistance testing: macrolide R common during failure
195.1.0.4 3ïžâ£ M. abscessus Complex
195.1.0.4.1 Species
- M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, massiliense, bolletii
- Rapidly growing
- Highly drug-resistant
195.1.0.4.2 Source
- Water (hot tub, hospital, contaminated dialysate)
- Person-to-person spread documented in CF clinics (segregation!)
195.1.0.4.3 Clinical
- CF: chronic pulmonary infection, accelerates FEV1 decline; can preclude lung transplant
- Post-surgical wound (cosmetic procedure outbreaks, breast augmentation, liposuction)
- Skin/soft tissue
- Disseminated (immunocompromise)
195.1.0.4.4 Treatment â Very Difficult
- Multi-drug, prolonged, often partially successful
- Intensive phase: IV amikacin + cefoxitin or imipenem + macrolide (if inducible R neg)
- Continuation: oral macrolide + clofazimine + linezolid + others
- subsp. massiliense better outcome (no inducible macrolide R)
- subsp. abscessus: erm(41) gene â inducible macrolide R â macrolide may not work
- Surgical resection for localized
- Cure < 50% for pulmonary
195.1.0.5 4ïžâ£ Other NTM
195.1.0.5.1 M. kansasii
- Pulmonary, mimics TB radiographically (upper lobe cavitary)
- USA Texas, Louisiana, Florida
- âPhotochromogenâ â yellow pigment in light
- Treatment: rifampin + INH + EMB Ã 12-18 mo (good response)
195.1.0.5.2 M. marinum
- âFish-tank granulomaâ / âswimming pool granulomaâ
- Aquarium owner, fishermen
- Skin papule â nodular â ulcer on hand
- Tenosynovitis, septic arthritis in deeper
- Treatment: clarithromycin + ethambutol à 3-6 mo (or doxycycline + rifampin)
195.1.0.5.3 M. ulcerans (Buruli Ulcer)
- Africa (W Africa most), Australia (Victoria)
- Standing water exposure
- Mycolactone toxin â immunosuppressive
- Chronic painless skin ulcer (extensive)
- Treatment: rifampin + clarithromycin à 8 wk (WHO regimen)
- Surgical debridement for advanced
195.1.0.5.4 M. fortuitum + M. chelonae
- Rapidly growing
- Cosmetic procedure outbreaks (breast augmentation, liposuction, tattoo)
- Pedicure foot infections
- Post-cardiac surgery (sternum)
- Treatment: combinations including imipenem, amikacin, macrolide à 6-12 mo
195.1.0.5.5 M. xenopi, M. malmoense
- Pulmonary, sporadic
- Often missed (slow grow)
- Treatment: rifampin + ethambutol + clarithromycin à 12 mo
195.1.0.5.7 M. haemophilum
- Cutaneous/joint, immunocompromise
- Iron-requiring (heme), low-temp grow (30-32°C) â special media + low incubation temp
- Treatment: rifampin + clarithromycin + ciprofloxacin
195.1.0.5.8 M. chimaera (Cardiac Surgery)
- Heater-cooler units contamination during open-heart surgery
- Late infection (1-6 yr post-op) â fever, cytopenia, hepatitis, endocarditis, sternal osteo
- Treatment: prolonged combination + sometimes prosthetic explant
- Global outbreak 2014-2017 + ongoing alerts
195.1.0.6 5ïžâ£ Treatment Principles for NTM
- Multi-drug (always 2+) â prevent resistance
- Prolonged (months to years)
- Species-specific AST guidance
- Macrolide cornerstone for MAC, M. kansasii, M. marinum
- Rifamycin for MAC, M. kansasii
- Aminoglycoside for severe / refractory MAC, M. abscessus
- Avoid macrolide monotherapy â selects resistance
- Surgical resection for localized refractory disease
- Side effects: optic neuritis (EMB), ototoxicity (aminoglycoside), uveitis (rifabutin + clari)