12.3 🩺 內科專科考前版


12.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理

  • 4 大原則 + case-based ethics analysis 是 modern bioethics 主流
  • Capacity assessment 是 critical decision 前必做
  • Surrogate decision-making + substituted judgment 是 incapacitated 病人核心
  • Withholding = Withdrawing(倫理)— 但 emotionally 不同
  • 22E 強化 AI 倫理genetic testing 倫理health equity 倫理
  • 📍 台灣:病主法(Patient Autonomy Act 2019)、安寧緩和條例、TMA 倫理規範

12.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異

項目 21E 22E
AI ethics 強化(algorithmic bias、liability)
Genetic ethics 強化(GINA、incidental findings)
Health equity ethics 強化
End-of-life choice 詳 + medical aid in dying 在 US states 擴展

12.3.0.3 🧠 深度概念

12.3.0.3.1 Principlism (Beauchamp & Childress)

4 原則 並非 hierarchical: - Case-by-case balance - 衝突時需 ethical reasoning + casuistry

12.3.0.3.2 Other Ethical Frameworks
  • Virtue ethics:character-based
  • Deontology (Kant):duty-based
  • Utilitarianism:consequence-based
  • Narrative ethics:patient story-based
  • Care ethics:relationship-based

→ 22E 採 principlism 主流但 acknowledge multiple frameworks

12.3.0.3.3 Capacity Assessment 詳解

評估工具: - MacCAT-T (MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment) - Aid to Capacity Evaluation (ACE)

特殊群: - Cognitive impairment:fluctuating capacity - Mental illness:capacity 可能 preserved - Intoxication:reversible incapacity - Adolescents:mature minor doctrine

12.3.0.3.4 Advance Care Planning

工具: - Living will - Durable power of attorney for healthcare (DPAHC) / MPOA - POLST / MOLST(Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment) - 5 Wishes - Goals-of-care discussions

12.3.0.3.5 Medical Aid in Dying (MAID)

22E 提到: - US states 擴展(OR、WA、CA、CO 等 ~10 states) - 條件:terminal illness < 6 mo、capacity、informed、self-administered - 倫理爭議 - 不同於 euthanasia(後者非 self-administered) - 📍 台灣:尚未合法

12.3.0.3.6 Conflict of Interest 詳解

Types: - Financial:pharma honoraria、stocks - Personal:family、friend - Research:dual investigator-clinician role - Institutional:reputation, funding

Management: - Disclosure - Recusal if needed - Independent oversight - Avoid coercive consent

12.3.0.3.7 Research Ethics

Belmont 三原則: 1. Respect for persons(informed consent) 2. Beneficence(minimize harm、maximize benefit) 3. Justice(fair selection of subjects)

Vulnerable populations: - Children - Pregnant women - Cognitively impaired - Prisoners - Economically disadvantaged

IRB role:review、approve、monitor

12.3.0.3.8 Genetic Ethics

22E 強調: - Test results affect relatives → duty to inform? - Incidental findings:ACMG 73 reportable genes - GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, 2008):US 保護 employment + insurance - Direct-to-consumer test results 解讀

12.3.0.3.9 AI Ethics

22E 新增: - Algorithmic bias:training data not representative - Transparency:black-box AI - Accountability:error 誰負責 - Patient consent:AI 介入同意 - Health equity:AI 加劇 disparities 風險 - WHO 2021 ethics guidance for AI in health


12.3.0.4 🩺 臨床決策路徑

12.3.0.4.1 Ethical Dilemma 處理流程
辨識 ethical issue
   ↓
蒐集 facts(clinical + social + legal)
   ↓
辨識 stakeholders + 利益
   ↓
應用 4 原則 framework
   ↓
考量 alternatives
   ↓
若衝突 → ethics consultation
   ↓
Decide + document + 持續 evaluate

12.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (8 條)

  1. Capacity is decision-specific:能 decide 一件不代表能 decide 另一件
  2. Family conflict 常需 ethics consultation
  3. Withholding = Withdrawing 倫理:但 communicate 心理層次
  4. DNR 不是「stop care」:仍 receive active treatment
  5. 「Goals of care」discussion 是 longitudinal,不是 one-time
  6. Cultural humility 在 ethics dilemmas 重要
  7. Document detailed reasoning:not just decision
  8. AI ethics 是 emerging frontier,要 stay literate

12.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境

12.3.0.6.1 1. Adolescent Decision-Making
  • Mature minor doctrine
  • Confidentiality for sensitive issues(contraception、STI、mental health)
  • 不同 jurisdiction 規定不同
12.3.0.6.2 2. Cognitively Impaired Patient
  • Fluctuating capacity
  • Re-assess at decision-making time
  • Use surrogate when truly incapacitated
12.3.0.6.3 3. End-of-Life Decisions
  • 早期 advance care planning
  • POLST / MOLST 各州 implementation 不同
  • Cultural / religious sensitivity
  • DNR misunderstanding 常見
12.3.0.6.4 4. Research Subject in Distress
  • IRB protocol violation 處理
  • Stop study if harm
  • Continue care obligation
12.3.0.6.5 5. Provider Conscience Refusal
  • Some treatments(abortion、MAID)provider 可拒絕
  • 但需 transfer of care
  • Not abandonment
12.3.0.6.6 6. Resource Allocation
  • COVID-19 pandemic:ventilator triage
  • Organ allocation
  • Justice principle 應用

12.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context 專區

12.3.0.7.1 病主法 (Patient Autonomy Act, 2019)
  • 病人可預立醫療決定 (Advance Decision, AD)
  • 適用 5 種情境:末期、不可逆昏迷、永久植物人、極重度失智、其他
  • 由 Government 認可的 ACP consultation 機構簽署
  • 健保給付 ACP consultation
12.3.0.7.2 安寧緩和醫療條例 (1999, 多次修)
  • 末期病人可拒絕急救(DNR)
  • 必須 written + 第三者見證
  • 預立 安寧緩和醫療意願書
12.3.0.7.3 器官捐贈
  • 「人體器官移植條例」
  • 心死 / 腦死認定 standardized
12.3.0.7.4 TMA 倫理規範
  • 與 Charter on Medical Professionalism 一致
  • 醫師執業守則
  • 倫理事件 review committee
12.3.0.7.5 台灣特殊倫理議題
  • DNR vs 家屬要求 aggressive
  • 末期 NG tube 議題(病主法後減少)
  • Cultural taboo around death discussion
  • 多代家庭決策模式
12.3.0.7.6 醫療糾紛調解
  • 2017 起調解先行
  • 防 defensive medicine
  • 但仍 prosecution 風險

12.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區

  1. 不評 capacity 直接讓家屬決定
  2. DNR = comfort care only(誤解)
  3. Withhold 比 withdraw 容易(情緒主導決策)
  4. Cultural assumption 取代 individual preference
  5. 不 document detailed reasoning
  6. Conflict of interest 不 disclose
  7. AI alert 視為 final:不檢視 bias
  8. 末期不問病人意願:直接跟家屬談

12.3.0.9 🎓 內科專科考重點預測

12.3.0.9.1 高機率題型
  1. 4 原則 辨識應用
  2. Informed consent 5 元素
  3. Capacity 4 criteria
  4. Withholding vs withdrawing 倫理
  5. 病主法 vs 安寧條例 差異
12.3.0.9.2 OSCE 倫理站
  • Bad news 告知
  • DNR discussion
  • 病人拒絕 tx
  • Family meeting
12.3.0.9.3 跨章節整合
  • Ch 1 Practice of Medicine:Charter
  • Ch 11 Disparities:health equity
  • Ch 13 Palliative Care

12.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀

  • Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 8th ed.
  • Belmont Report (1979)
  • Tarasoff v. Regents of UC (1976)
  • 病主法、安寧緩和條例
  • TMA 倫理規範

12.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引


⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-07),未經盧醫師驗證。