20.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。最新指引、進階機制、台灣 context。
20.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理
- 22E 強化:fever vs hyperthermia 區別、neutropenic fever bundle、antipyretic 個別化
- Sepsis Surviving Guideline 2024:1-hr bundle + balanced crystalloid > NS
- Procalcitonin:bacterial vs viral 鑑別 emerging
- Antimicrobial stewardship:avoid empiric overuse
20.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異
| 項目 | 21E | 22E |
|---|---|---|
| Fever vs hyperthermia | 提 | 強化鑑別 |
| Neutropenic fever protocol | 提 | 詳述 risk stratification |
| Procalcitonin | 略 | 提(bacterial vs viral) |
| COVID-19 fever | — | 提 |
| Antimicrobial stewardship | 略 | 強化 |
| Acetaminophen evidence in critical illness | 略 | 提(HEAT trial:未顯著改善 ICU outcome) |
20.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉
20.3.0.3.1 Cytokine 的全身作用
- IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α:fever、白血球 ↑、急性蛋白合成(CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin)↑
- IL-1, IL-6:muscle protein breakdown → 體重 ↓
- TNF-α:cachexia、insulin resistance
- IFN:viral defense、感冒 / flu 樣症狀
20.3.0.3.2 POAH 與其他熱調節中樞
- POAH = 主控
- Posterior hypothalamus:熱保留(產熱、血管收縮)
- NTS, parabrachial nucleus:autonomic 整合
20.3.0.4 💊 進階臨床決策
20.3.0.4.1 Sepsis 1-hr Bundle (2024 update)
- Lactate
- BC × 2 sets before antibiotic
- Broad-spectrum antibiotic < 1 hr
- Balanced crystalloid (LR > NS) 30 mL/kg for hypotension or lactate ≥ 4
- Norepinephrine first if MAP < 65 after fluid
20.3.0.4.2 Antibiotic 選擇邏輯
- 部位 + 危險因子 + local resistance pattern + immune status
- De-escalation after C/S
- Source control:drainage、debridement、catheter removal
20.3.0.4.3 Neutropenic Fever Risk Stratification
MASCC Score (≥ 21 = low risk): - Burden of illness(25 分) - No hypotension(5) - No COPD(4) - Solid tumor / no fungal Hx(4) - No dehydration(3) - Outpatient at fever onset(3) - Age < 60(2)
→ Low risk + 適合:oral cipro + amox/clav at home → High risk:IV antibiotic admission
20.3.0.4.4 Empiric Antifungal in Persistent Neutropenic Fever
- Fever > 4-7 days despite broad antibiotic
- Options: micafungin, caspofungin, voriconazole, lipid amphotericin B
- Workup: CT chest(pulmonary aspergillosis)、galactomannan、β-D-glucan
20.3.0.4.5 Procalcitonin (PCT)
- Bacterial > viral 上升較顯著
- 用於:
- LRTI 抗生素 stewardship
- Sepsis 治療反應監測
- Stop antibiotic guidance(PCT < 0.25)
- 不可單獨依賴 → integrate with clinical
20.3.0.4.6 COVID-19 發燒處置
- Acetaminophen safe(早期 NSAID 爭議已解,無證據加重)
- Steroid for hypoxic(dexamethasone 6 mg)
- Antiviral(remdesivir, paxlovid)依適應症
- Vaccine 仍 first-line prevention
20.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (10 條)
- Fever ≠ Hyperthermia — 處置完全不同
- Faget sign (relative bradycardia):drug fever, typhoid, brucellosis, Legionella, leptospirosis
- Pulse-temperature dissociation:每升 1°C 心跳應 ↑ 10 bpm;不一致 → 上述病因
- Neutropenic fever < 1 hr antibiotic
- Bacterial meningitis dex 與 antibiotic 同時或之前
- 嬰兒 < 3 mo 發燒:永遠 sepsis workup
- 老人 / immunocomp:典型發燒可能不存在
- Antipyretic in 健康成人 < 39°C:個別化,不一定要退
- PCT 對 stewardship 有用,但不能替代臨床判斷
- Antimicrobial stewardship:BC × 2 才給 antibiotic(不可省)
20.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境
20.3.0.6.1 1. ICU 病人發燒
- Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
- VAP(ventilator-associated pneumonia)
- C. difficile colitis
- DVT/PE
- Drug fever
- Acalculous cholecystitis
20.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context
20.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區
- Heat stroke 給 acetaminophen
- Neutropenic fever 等血培養才給 antibiotic
- < 18 yo 流感給 aspirin
- < 3 mo 嬰兒發燒不 LP(看 vital + age 決定)
- Antibiotic 不採 BC × 2
- 不評估 source control(catheter、abscess)
- De-escalation 沒做
- Drug fever 不停可疑藥
- MH/NMS 不給 dantrolene
- 熱衰竭 vs 中暑混淆
20.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測
20.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2024 update
- IDSA Neutropenic Fever Guidelines 2018
- IDSA Bacterial Meningitis Guidelines
- HEAT Trial NEJM (acetaminophen ICU)
- 台灣 CDC 監測
20.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 20 medstudent.md
- 國考衝刺 → Ch 20 board-prep.md
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 20
⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。