20.3 🩺 內科專科考前版

R2-R3 / Fellow 等級。最新指引、進階機制、台灣 context。


20.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理

  • 22E 強化:fever vs hyperthermia 區別、neutropenic fever bundle、antipyretic 個別化
  • Sepsis Surviving Guideline 2024:1-hr bundle + balanced crystalloid > NS
  • Procalcitonin:bacterial vs viral 鑑別 emerging
  • Antimicrobial stewardship:avoid empiric overuse

20.3.0.2 📜 22E vs 21E 差異

項目 21E 22E
Fever vs hyperthermia 強化鑑別
Neutropenic fever protocol 詳述 risk stratification
Procalcitonin 提(bacterial vs viral)
COVID-19 fever
Antimicrobial stewardship 強化
Acetaminophen evidence in critical illness 提(HEAT trial:未顯著改善 ICU outcome)

20.3.0.3 🧠 深度機轉

20.3.0.3.1 Cytokine 的全身作用
  • IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α:fever、白血球 ↑、急性蛋白合成(CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin)↑
  • IL-1, IL-6:muscle protein breakdown → 體重 ↓
  • TNF-α:cachexia、insulin resistance
  • IFN:viral defense、感冒 / flu 樣症狀
20.3.0.3.2 POAH 與其他熱調節中樞
  • POAH = 主控
  • Posterior hypothalamus:熱保留(產熱、血管收縮)
  • NTS, parabrachial nucleus:autonomic 整合
20.3.0.3.3 Endogenous Antipyretic(balance)
  • 抑 fever 的物質:vasopressin (AVP), α-MSH, glucocorticoid, IL-10
  • 解釋為什麼 fever 有自限性
20.3.0.3.4 Hyperthermia 機轉
  • Heat stroke: 散熱失敗(環境熱、運動、衣著)
  • MH: ryanodine receptor 突變 → 肌漿網 Ca2+ release → ATP 耗盡 → 產熱
  • NMS: antipsychotic block D2 → muscle rigidity + 散熱差
  • Serotonin syndrome: 5-HT 過量 → 神經刺激 + autonomic
  • 共同:muscle rigidity + 散熱失敗 + multi-organ failure

20.3.0.4 💊 進階臨床決策

20.3.0.4.1 Sepsis 1-hr Bundle (2024 update)
  1. Lactate
  2. BC × 2 sets before antibiotic
  3. Broad-spectrum antibiotic < 1 hr
  4. Balanced crystalloid (LR > NS) 30 mL/kg for hypotension or lactate ≥ 4
  5. Norepinephrine first if MAP < 65 after fluid
20.3.0.4.2 Antibiotic 選擇邏輯
  • 部位 + 危險因子 + local resistance pattern + immune status
  • De-escalation after C/S
  • Source control:drainage、debridement、catheter removal
20.3.0.4.3 Neutropenic Fever Risk Stratification

MASCC Score (≥ 21 = low risk): - Burden of illness(25 分) - No hypotension(5) - No COPD(4) - Solid tumor / no fungal Hx(4) - No dehydration(3) - Outpatient at fever onset(3) - Age < 60(2)

Low risk + 適合:oral cipro + amox/clav at home → High risk:IV antibiotic admission

20.3.0.4.4 Empiric Antifungal in Persistent Neutropenic Fever
  • Fever > 4-7 days despite broad antibiotic
  • Options: micafungin, caspofungin, voriconazole, lipid amphotericin B
  • Workup: CT chest(pulmonary aspergillosis)、galactomannan、β-D-glucan
20.3.0.4.5 Procalcitonin (PCT)
  • Bacterial > viral 上升較顯著
  • 用於:
    • LRTI 抗生素 stewardship
    • Sepsis 治療反應監測
    • Stop antibiotic guidance(PCT < 0.25)
  • 不可單獨依賴 → integrate with clinical
20.3.0.4.6 COVID-19 發燒處置
  • Acetaminophen safe(早期 NSAID 爭議已解,無證據加重)
  • Steroid for hypoxic(dexamethasone 6 mg)
  • Antiviral(remdesivir, paxlovid)依適應症
  • Vaccine 仍 first-line prevention
20.3.0.4.7 Drug Fever
  • 多藥物可致:β-lactam, sulfa, allopurinol, phenytoin, methyldopa, isoniazid, hydralazine
  • 特徵:no source、relative bradycardia (Faget sign)、eosinophilia
  • 停藥 → 24-72 hr 退燒
  • DIHR (Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Reaction) / DRESS:fever + rash + lymphadenopathy + organ involvement
20.3.0.4.9 Acetaminophen in Critical Illness
  • HEAT trial: ICU 病人 acetaminophen vs placebo 無 mortality 改善
  • 但仍可用 for symptom relief
  • 不要 routine

20.3.0.5 🌟 Clinical Pearls (10 條)

  1. Fever ≠ Hyperthermia — 處置完全不同
  2. Faget sign (relative bradycardia):drug fever, typhoid, brucellosis, Legionella, leptospirosis
  3. Pulse-temperature dissociation:每升 1°C 心跳應 ↑ 10 bpm;不一致 → 上述病因
  4. Neutropenic fever < 1 hr antibiotic
  5. Bacterial meningitis dex 與 antibiotic 同時或之前
  6. 嬰兒 < 3 mo 發燒:永遠 sepsis workup
  7. 老人 / immunocomp:典型發燒可能不存在
  8. Antipyretic in 健康成人 < 39°C:個別化,不一定要退
  9. PCT 對 stewardship 有用,但不能替代臨床判斷
  10. Antimicrobial stewardship:BC × 2 才給 antibiotic(不可省)

20.3.0.6 🔍 特殊情境

20.3.0.6.1 1. ICU 病人發燒
  • Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
  • VAP(ventilator-associated pneumonia)
  • C. difficile colitis
  • DVT/PE
  • Drug fever
  • Acalculous cholecystitis
20.3.0.6.2 2. 移植後 / 免疫低下
  • 機會感染:CMV, fungal, PJP, Nocardia
  • GVHD
  • Drug fever(calcineurin inhibitors)
20.3.0.6.3 3. 病人剛旅遊回來
  • Geographic exposure 重要
  • Malaria、dengue、typhoid、rickettsia
  • 24h 內熱帶醫學 / ID 會診
20.3.0.6.4 4. 妊娠發燒
  • Acetaminophen safe
  • Avoid NSAID 3rd trimester
  • UTI / pyelonephritis 不能漏(preterm labor)
  • Listeriosis(孕婦敏感)→ 避未殺菌乳製品
20.3.0.6.5 5. Drug-Induced Hyperthermia
  • Sympathomimetic(cocaine, MDMA, amphetamine)→ active cooling + BZD
  • NMS → dantrolene + bromocriptine
  • Serotonin → cyproheptadine + BZD
  • MH → dantrolene

20.3.0.7 📍 台灣 Context

20.3.0.7.1 健保 / 流行病學
  • 流感、COVID-19、登革熱、傷寒、瘧疾(境外移入)
  • 登革熱:南台灣每年夏秋季流行,warning signs 監測
  • 典型流感:每年 12-3 月
  • 院內 nosocomial fever:MDR Acinetobacter, MRSA, ESBL
20.3.0.7.2 台灣抗生素 stewardship
  • 健保限制 ID 諮詢、stewardship program
  • VRE / MRSA 監測
  • C. diff 上升趨勢
20.3.0.7.3 台灣 EMS / ED 流程
  • ESI Triage:Fever + altered mental = Level 2
  • 1-hr antibiotic time tracking
  • 兒科 < 3 mo fever 100% admit

20.3.0.8 ⚠️ 老闆地雷區

  1. Heat stroke 給 acetaminophen
  2. Neutropenic fever 等血培養才給 antibiotic
  3. < 18 yo 流感給 aspirin
  4. < 3 mo 嬰兒發燒不 LP(看 vital + age 決定)
  5. Antibiotic 不採 BC × 2
  6. 不評估 source control(catheter、abscess)
  7. De-escalation 沒做
  8. Drug fever 不停可疑藥
  9. MH/NMS 不給 dantrolene
  10. 熱衰竭 vs 中暑混淆

20.3.0.9 🎓 內專考重點預測

20.3.0.9.1 高機率題型
  1. Fever vs Hyperthermia 鑑別 + 處置
  2. Neutropenic fever empiric
  3. Bacterial meningitis dex + antibiotic 順序
  4. Sepsis 1-hr bundle
  5. Listeria cover age
  6. MH/NMS dantrolene
  7. Drug fever Faget sign
20.3.0.9.2 跨章節整合
  • Ch 21 Fever + Rash
  • Ch 22 FUO
  • Ch 124 Approach to ID
  • Ch 143-144 Meningitis
  • Ch 312 Sepsis
  • Ch 478 Heat-related illness

20.3.0.10 📖 延伸閱讀

  • Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2024 update
  • IDSA Neutropenic Fever Guidelines 2018
  • IDSA Bacterial Meningitis Guidelines
  • HEAT Trial NEJM (acetaminophen ICU)
  • 台灣 CDC 監測

20.3.0.11 📚 三階段教材索引


⚠️ 本 md 為 claude-opus-4-7 撰寫(2026-05-08),未經盧醫師驗證。