8.2 📚 國考版(醫師國考 / PGY OSCE)
對象:M6 / PGY 國考前。本章 OSCE 站常考 PE EBM 應用。
8.2.0.1 📌 一頁重點整理 (Cram Sheet)
8.2.0.1.1 🔥 高 yield 6 條
- PE 5 大重要理由:唯一 dx tool、改 prob、發現併存、防 error、ritual
- LR 拇指規則:LR 2/5/10 = +15/30/45%
- HINTS battery for vertigo:peripheral → stroke LR 0.02
- Heart failure 高 LR finding:abdominojugular 8.0、displaced apical 5.8、S3 3.9
- Auscultatory percussion / 各種 obscure manoeuvre 多 abandon
- Bedside rules:Ottawa ankle、Wells DVT/PE、Alvarado、Heckerling、probe-to-bone
8.2.0.2 ⭐ 高 yield 摘要
8.2.0.2.1 5 個 PE 重要理由
- 唯一診斷:Parkinson、ALS、皮膚 / 眼科多數
- 改變 prob:EBM PE manoeuvre + LR
- 發現併存:non-主訴 finding(acanthosis、goiter)
- 防 error:missed PE 致 misdiagnosis
- Ritual:醫病信任
8.2.0.2.2 LR Rule of Thumb (McGee)
| LR | Δ probability |
|---|---|
| 2 | +15% |
| 5 | +30% |
| 10 | +45% |
| 0.5 | -15% |
| 0.2 | -30% |
| 0.1 | -45% |
8.2.0.2.3 Heart Failure PE LR
| Finding | LR |
|---|---|
| Positive abdominojugular | 8.0 |
| Displaced apical impulse | 5.8 |
| HR > 100 | 5.5 |
| S3 gallop | 3.9 |
8.2.0.2.6 HINTS Battery(必背!)
- Head Impulse test:positive corrective saccade = peripheral
- Direction-changing Nystagmus = central
- Test of Skew deviation positive = central
- 三項全 peripheral → posterior stroke LR 0.02
8.2.0.2.7 Bedside Rules
| 情境 | Rule | Negative → LR |
|---|---|---|
| Ankle injury | Ottawa | 0.1 |
| DVT | Original Wells + D-dimer | 0.2 |
| Vertigo | HINTS peripheral | 0.02 |
| Appendicitis | Alvarado ≤ 4 | 0.1 |
| Pneumonia | Heckerling 0-1 | 0.3 |
| DM foot osteo | Probe-to-bone neg | 0.2 |
8.2.0.2.8 Pretest Probabilities
- Pneumonia (cough+fever):22%
- PE (pleuritic chest pain):25%
- DVT (calf pain/swelling):25%
- Bacteremia (hospitalized fever):18%
- Osteomyelitis (DM foot ulcer):65%
8.2.0.3 🏆 易混淆對照
8.2.0.3.1 Sensitivity vs Specificity vs LR
- LR 整合 sn 與 sp,bedside 較好用
- LR+ = Sn / (1-Sp)
- LR- = (1-Sn) / Sp
8.2.0.4 🔢 必背概念
- McGee LR rule:2/5/10 = +15/30/45%
- HF abdominojugular reflux LR 8.0(最高之一)
- HINTS peripheral LR 0.02(強強排除 stroke)
- Auenbrugger percussion 1761
- Laënnec stethoscope 1816
- κ scale 內涵
8.2.0.6 🎯 自我檢測
- Q: HINTS peripheral → posterior stroke LR? A: 0.02(強強 rule out)
- Q: McGee rule LR 5 = ? A: +30% probability
- Q: HF 最高 LR finding? A: Positive abdominojugular reflux (LR 8.0)
- Q: Auenbrugger 發明 percussion 是哪年? A: 1761
- Q: PE 5 大重要理由? A: 唯一 dx、改 prob、發現併存、防 error、ritual
- Q: 「Useful LR」threshold? A: > 5 或 < 0.2 是 strong
- Q: κ 0.6-0.8 等級? A: Substantial agreement
8.2.0.7 📚 想深入請看
- 醫學生概念 → Ch 8 medstudent.md
- 內專考前版 → Ch 8 specialist.md
- Decision-Making → Ch 4
- Harrison 22E 原文 → Ch 8
⚠️ AI 草稿,未經盧醫師驗證。