269 Ch 268. Heart Failure Management

2024 paradigm shift: HFrEF = quadruple therapy (ARNI + β-blocker + MRA + SGLT2i); HFpEF = SGLT2i (DELIVER, EMPEROR-Preserved) + GLP-1 RA (STEP-HFpEF for obesity); early ARNI + early initiation + rapid titration improve outcomes; ICD + CRT for select; advanced HF: LVAD + transplant + palliative。