491.3 🩺 內科專科考前版
491.3.0.1 📌 一頁重點
- 22E 重點:
- E-consult、telemedicine、second opinion 在 22E 強調 — 對 access 重要
- Curbside consult 法律責任:美國法院判定不建立 doctor-patient relationship;但 trainee 例外(supervising attending 仍負責)
- Specialty workforce shortage:health system 有責任維持 access
- Reimbursement 差異性 + 不影響臨床決策
- 內分泌科會診戰略(盧醫師專科):
- DM 圍術期(最常見)
- Steroid coverage(任何科手術都會碰到)
- Pheo(α → β 序錯致命)
- Thyroid storm 急診
- PHPT post-op hungry bone
- Adrenal incidentaloma workup
- Cushing’s perioperative
- DKA / HHS 管理
- Hyponatremia(SIADH、cortisol deficiency)
- Hyperprolactinemia + medication review
- 台灣現況:
- 健保覆蓋 inpatient consult fee(pre-op evaluation、後續 co-management)
- 健保 outpatient referral system(轉診單)
- Telemedicine:近年逐漸開放
- Curbside 常見但無 reimbursement
- E-consult 在大型醫學中心開始試辦
491.3.0.2 🌟 Pearls (15)
491.3.0.2.1 會診策略
- 「Determine the question」不只是病史問題,還包含病人偏好:病人想要的可能與醫師想的不同
- 緊急 consult 一定要打電話:電子病歷下 order 急件可能等 4 小時
- Co-management vs single evaluation 要寫清楚:避免「ghost consult」(病人需要時找不到人)
- Note 不超過 1 頁:assessment 短 + recommendations 條列
- 「Possible」、「consider」、「may want to」= 弱建議:考試 + 臨床都不夠
491.3.0.2.2 DM 圍術期戰略
- SGLT2i 在 22E 強調 euglycemic DKA:手術 + 急性疾病 + NPO → 停藥 3-4 d(理想 7 d)
- GLP-1 RA aspiration risk update(2023 ASA guidance):1 週前停 long-acting;short-acting 24 hr 前停;個別評估
- HbA1c > 8.5% 圍術期感染風險明顯升高:non-emergent surgery 應 delay 優化 control
- Insulin drip 在 ICU 比 sliding scale 好:BG variability 低 + outcome 較佳
- DM 病人 cardiac surgery → 嚴格血糖控制(80-110)vs moderate(140-180):moderate 較安全,少 hypoglycemia
491.3.0.2.3 Steroid + Adrenal
- Stress dose 不需給「過高」:早期 dogma 300 mg/d 是 overkill;現在 50-100 mg/d 已足
- Etomidate 警示:單劑量已可暫時抑制 adrenal — 危重病人考慮 ketamine
- Adrenalectomy contralateral suppression:手術前必須 evaluate;術後 stress dose × 6-12 mo
- 「Functional vs nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma」workup:DST + plasma metanephrines + ARR(if HTN/低 K)
491.3.0.3 📍 Taiwan + 健保
491.3.0.3.1 已有 + 健保
- 健保 inpatient consult fee(pre-op + 後續 co-management)
- 健保 outpatient referral
- 健保 1mg DST 篩檢 cortisol
- 健保 plasma metanephrines(部分條件)
- 健保 24-h urine metanephrines
- 健保 ACTH
- 健保 cosyntropin stimulation test
- 健保 thyroid hormone(FT4、FT3、TSH、anti-TPO、anti-Tg、TRAb)
- 健保 PTH(iPTH)
- 健保 vitamin D 25-OH
- 健保 hydrocortisone IV
- 健保 methimazole、PTU
- 健保 propranolol
- 健保 SSKI(特殊申請)
- 健保 phenoxybenzamine(pheo 用,限定)
- 健保 doxazosin(HTN + pheo)
- 健保 insulin(多劑型)
- 健保 metformin、SU、TZD、DPP-4i
- 健保 SGLT2i(DM + HFrEF + CKD)
- 健保 GLP-1 RA(DM + 條件)
491.3.0.4 🎓 內專必懂 (15)
- Goldman 10 commandments + 現代版調整
- 三大會診情境:preop、postop complication、specialty
- DM perioperative 完整 protocol(含 SGLT2i、GLP-1 RA、insulin drip)
- Steroid stress dose 階梯
- Hyperthyroid 圍術期 + thyroid storm 緊急 protocol
- Pheo perioperative α → β protocol
- PHPT post-op hungry bone 管理
- Cushing’s adrenalectomy 圍術期
- Adrenal incidentaloma workup
- Hypothyroidism preop(mild 可手術;myxedema coma 急治)
- Pituitary tumor preop(cortisol、TSH、IGF-1 評估)
- DKA / HHS acute management
- Hyponatremia 鑑別 + endo cause(SIADH、AI、hypothyroid)
- Curbside consult 法律 + 倫理
- E-consult、telemedicine 新興模式
491.3.0.5 ⚙️ Endo 會診 Workflow(內專)
Step 1 — Receive consult:
- 確認 urgency(STAT vs urgent vs routine)
- 確認 specific question
- 如不清楚 → 立即電話 requesting MD
- 不要拒絕模糊 consult;幫忙 reframe question
Step 2 — Review chart:
- HPI、PMH(含完整 endocrine history)
- Medication list(特別注意 steroid、insulin、SGLT2i、GLP-1 RA、levothyroxine)
- Lab(最新 + trend)
- 影像
- 既往 endo consults(避免重複)
Step 3 — Look for yourself:
- 完整 history(含 family)
- Focused PE(含 thyroid palpation、acromegalic features、Cushingoid、skin、proximal weakness)
- Vital signs trend(BP、HR、O2、T)
Step 4 — Synthesize + Write note:
- S:簡述 HPI + relevant PMH
- O:lab + image + PE
- A:清楚 problem list(functional、severity、urgency)
- P:條列 specific recommendations + contingency + follow-up plan
- Note 不超過 1 頁;longer recommendations 額外文件
Step 5 — Communicate:
- 急件 → 電話 + chart note
- Routine → chart note 即可
- 與 anesthesia 直接溝通圍術期 plan
- 病人 + 家屬衛教(如 stress dose、medication adjust)
Step 6 — Follow up:
- 每日 follow-up note POD 0-3
- 穩定後 transition back to primary team
- 出院 summary 寫清楚 medication adjustment + 後續 endo follow-up
491.3.0.6 ⚙️ DM 圍術期完整 Protocol
Pre-op assessment (1-4 wk before):
- HbA1c < 8.5% 理想(非急診手術)
- 評估 hypoglycemia history
- 評估 complications(CAD、nephro、neuro、retino)
- 藥物 review
Pre-op day (24-48 hr):
- SGLT2i 已停(3-4 d minimum,理想 7 d)
- GLP-1 RA 已停(1 wk for long-acting;24 hr short-acting)
- Metformin:手術前晚 hold
- Sulfonylurea:手術前晚 hold(或當日早上)
- Long-acting insulin:減 25-50%(pre-op evening)
- Short-acting insulin:hold
Surgery day:
- AM BG check
- Long-acting insulin reduced dose(or hold if BG < 100)
- Sliding scale insulin coverage starting
- D5W if NPO + insulin
- Target intraop: 140-180
ICU/PACU:
- BG q1-2h initially
- Insulin drip if BG > 180 + ICU
- Protocol-based titration(每醫院不同)
- K + Mg + P 監測
- Target 140-180
- Avoid hypoglycemia (< 70)
Transition to PO:
- 進食 + stable → basal-bolus
- Glargine 0.2-0.3 U/kg/d
- 50% basal + 50% bolus(preprandial + correction)
- Restart metformin 48-72 hr post-op if eGFR good
- Restart SGLT2i once stable + eating(avoid if any DKA suspicion)
- Restart GLP-1 RA when stable + tolerating PO
- Sulfonylurea 多直接 transition 回原 dose
Discharge:
- Reassess HbA1c at 3 mo
- 優化 long-term regimen(考量 CV、renal、weight)
- 復健 + 飲食衛教
- Endo follow-up 1-3 mo
491.3.0.7 ⚙️ Pheochromocytoma Perioperative Protocol
2-4 wk preop:
- α-blocker initiation
- Phenoxybenzamine 10 mg BID → titrate 到 max 1 mg/kg/d
- Effects: irreversible α1 + α2 block
- SE: orthostatic hypotension, nasal congestion, retrograde ejaculation
- Alternative: doxazosin 2-16 mg/d(selective α1,較少 reflex tachycardia)
- 目標:BP < 130/80, HR > 60, minimal orthostasis
- Salt + water 充分(避血容量不足)
- 監測 orthostatic vitals
1-2 wk preop:
- β-blocker 加 ONLY after α 充分
- Propranolol 10-40 mg TID 或 atenolol 25-50 mg/d
- 為什麼順序重要:unopposed α stimulation → 致命 HTN crisis
- 如有 catecholamine cardiomyopathy → 評估 EF
Surgery day:
- 持續 α + β
- 動脈管路 + central line
- Phentolamine + nitroprusside + esmolol 備
- 麻醉避免 ketamine(catecholamine 釋放)
- 避免 morphine、metoclopramide(可能 trigger)
- 主動 + IV NS 維持血量
Intraop:
- Tumor 操作時 catecholamine surge → BP spike → phentolamine
- Tumor 移除後 → BP 急降 → IV fluid + norepinephrine
- 監測 hypoglycemia(catecholamine 突然下降 → 反彈 hypoglycemia)
Post-op:
- ICU 24-48 hr
- BP + glucose + electrolyte 監測
- Hypoglycemia 可能持續 48-72 hr
- 多數 hypotension 可逐漸恢復
- Hormone re-evaluation 6-8 wk post-op(metanephrines)
- 1-yr post-op imaging
- Lifelong surveillance(recurrence、metastases)
If bilateral pheo (MEN2A, VHL):
- Bilateral adrenalectomy → permanent adrenal insufficiency
- Cortical-sparing surgery(保留 cortex)
- 長期 hydrocortisone + fludrocortisone
491.3.0.8 ⚙️ 甲狀腺 Storm Emergency Protocol
診斷(Burch-Wartofsky Score ≥ 45 提示 storm):
- 體溫 ↑(> 38.5°C)
- HR ↑(> 130)
- CNS(agitation、delirium、coma)
- GI(N/V、diarrhea、jaundice)
- CV(CHF、AFib)
立即治療(multi-pronged):
1) Adrenergic blockade:
- Propranolol 1-2 mg IV slowly q5min(max 10 mg)→ 60-80 mg PO q4-6h
- 若 CHF → cautious(esmolol IV 替代)
- Reserpine / guanethidine 為過去選項
2) 抑制 thyroid hormone synthesis:
- PTU 600-1000 mg loading PO/NG → 200 mg q4h
- PTU > methimazole(多 block T4→T3 conversion)
- Methimazole 60-80 mg/d 替代(重大肝損時)
3) 抑制 hormone release:
- SSKI 5 drops PO/NG TID(PTU 1 hr 後!)
- 或 Lugol's iodine 8 drops q6h
- Stunning effect 避免:必須 PTU 先
4) Block T4→T3 conversion:
- PTU(已含)
- Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV q8h
- 額外 benefit:treat concurrent AI
5) 支持:
- Active cooling(cooling blanket、ice、acetaminophen)
- 避 ASA(displaces T4 from TBG → 加重)
- IV fluids(dextrose-containing;多 metabolic demand)
- Treat trigger(infection、surgery、MI、DKA)
- ICU monitor
6) 高度 refractory:
- Plasmapheresis(去除循環 hormone)
- Cholestyramine(中斷 enterohepatic circulation)
- Lithium(替代 iodine if iodine allergy)
Mortality 20-30%(即使治療)
491.3.0.9 ⚙️ Adrenal Incidentaloma Workup
Step 1 — Functional 評估 (all incidentaloma):
- 1 mg overnight DST
- Cortisol > 1.8 μg/dL = abnormal → further workup
- Cortisol > 5 = highly suggestive autonomous cortisol secretion
- Plasma free metanephrines OR 24-h urine metanephrines
- 所有 incidentaloma 必查(even asymptomatic)
- ARR (aldosterone-renin ratio)
- 只在 HTN 或低 K 才查
- ARR > 20 + aldosterone > 15 → suggest PA
- 性荷爾蒙(only if clinical hirsutism、virilization、feminization)
Step 2 — Malignancy 評估:
- CT 影像 features:
- Unenhanced HU < 10 = lipid-rich = benign adenoma
- HU > 10 + size > 4 cm + 不規則 + 異質 = suspicious
- History of cancer → 轉移可能
- CT washout(contrast → 60% washout 提示 adenoma)
- MRI(chemical shift imaging)
- PET(少用,可區分 ACC vs benign)
- Biopsy(多不建議,限 metastasis 鑑別;必須先排除 pheo!)
Step 3 — Surgery:
- 適應症:
- 任何 functional adenoma(PA、Cushing's、pheo)
- 大小 > 4 cm(malignancy 風險高)
- 增大 > 0.5-1 cm in 6-12 mo
- Imaging suspicious for ACC
- 手術前若有 cortisol autonomy → 評估 stress dose
Step 4 — Surveillance (nonfunctional + benign features):
- CT 6-12 mo 重複
- Hormone test 重複 1 yr × 4 yr
- 若 stable + nonfunctional → stop surveillance after 5 yr
⚠️ AI 草稿。