282.4 📋 章末速記 Summary
282.4.1 🔑 一句話總結
VTE = DVT + PE,原因為 Virchow’s triad(stasis + hypercoagulability + endothelial injury);診斷流程:Wells score + D-dimer → US (DVT) / CTPA (PE);PE 風險分層為 high (massive) / intermediate-high / intermediate-low / low;治療以 DOAC 為大多數族群首選(cancer 可用 apixaban/edoxaban Caravaggio)、massive PE 需 systemic thrombolysis 或 CDT/FlowTriever + PERT consultation、APS triple-positive 仍用 warfarin (TRAPS)。
282.4.2 💊 治療精要
- DOAC:apixaban 10 mg BID × 7d → 5 mg BID;rivaroxaban 15 BID × 21d → 20 daily
- 延長治療減量:apixaban 2.5 BID 或 rivaroxaban 10 daily(EINSTEIN-CHOICE, AMPLIFY-EXT)
- massive PE:alteplase 100 mg / 2h OR half-dose OR CDT (EkoSonic / FlowTriever / Indigo)
- 慢性靜脈病 CEAP:compression 20-40 mmHg + 抬腳 + 雷射/RFA 大隱靜脈閉合
282.4.3 🎯 盧醫師的考前提醒
- Wells + D-dimer + age-adjusted D-dimer(age × 10 μg/L)是門診初篩標配
- massive PE 三大選擇:systemic lysis、CDT、mechanical thrombectomy;2024 ESC 強調 PERT consultation
- DOAC 一線:apixaban + rivaroxaban 無需 parenteral lead-in;edoxaban + dabigatran 要 5-10d lead-in
- DOAC 禁忌 / 慎用:CrCl < 15-30、mechanical valve、pregnancy、APS triple-positive (TRAPS)
- cancer-VTE:DOAC (Caravaggio, Hokusai-Cancer) — 但 GI/GU cancer 用 LMWH 比較安全
- HIT 4-T score → argatroban / bivalirudin / fondaparinux(千萬不要用 LMWH 也不要 UFH)
- idarucizumab (dabigatran)、andexanet alfa (Xa) — DOAC reversal
- provoked 3 mo / unprovoked ≥ 3 mo + 考慮 indefinite / cancer indefinite
- CTEPH: 3-5% post-PE 發生 pulmonary HTN — V/Q 篩、PEA 是 cure;riociguat、BPA
- ATTRACT 2017:iliofemoral DVT 用 CDT 可減 PTS(不能 prevent 全部 PTS)